System and method for power transfer

ABSTRACT

A system for inductive power transfer that may selectively transmit power in a plurality of modes based on characteristics of a power receiver and determine which transmitter coils to drive based on received signal strength information. The inductive power transfer transmitter may detect characteristics of the power receiver in order to control the mode of the power transfer and selectively control which transmitter coils are driven based on signal strength information received from a power receiver. The power transmitter may have slugs formed of a magnetically permeable material within common coil winding openings and the transmitter coils may consists of a plurality of parallel windings.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is in the field of wireless or inductive powertransfer. More particularly, but not exclusively, the present inventionis directed to systems and methods for inductive power transfer forconsumer electronic devices.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

IPT technology is an area of increasing development and IPT systems arenow utilised in a range of applications and with various configurations.One such application is the use of IPT systems in so called ‘chargingmats’ or pads. Such charging mats will normally provide a planarcharging surface onto which portable electronic devices (such assmartphones) may be placed to be charged or powered wirelessly.

Typically, the charging mat will include a transmitter having one ormore power transmission coils arranged parallel to the planar chargingsurface of the charging mat. The transmitter drives the transmittingcoils so that the transmitting coils generate a time-varying magneticfield in the immediate vicinity of the planar surface. When portableelectronic devices are placed on or near the planar surface, thetime-varying magnetic field will induce an alternating current in thereceiving coil of a suitable receiver associated with the device (forexample a receiver incorporated into the device itself). The receivedpower may then be used to charge a battery, or power the device or someother load.

A problem associated with charging mat design is ensuring that theinductive power transfer is adequately efficient. One approach is torequire precise alignment between the transmitting coil and thereceiving coil. This may be achieved, for example, by having markings orindentations on the planar charging surface so that when a user placesthe device on the charging mat alignment between the coils can beguaranteed. However, this approach is not ideal since it requires theuser to place their device carefully onto the charging mat.

Another problem associated with charging mat design is enabling multipledevices to be charged simultaneously in an efficient and cost effectivemanner. Some conventional designs use a single large transmitting coilcorresponding to the entire surface of the charging mat. In thisinstance, one or more devices may be placed anywhere on the surface ofthe charging mat. This allows more freedom in terms of where a user mayplace a device on the charging mat. However, the magnetic field producedby a large transmitting coil may not be uniform, with ‘weak spots’towards the centre of the charging mat. Further, since the entiresurface is being ‘powered’ it is possible that any portions of thesurface not covered by a device being charged may be a safety hazard.

Another conventional approach for multi-device charging is to have anarray of smaller transmitting coils. In order to provide efficient andsafe power transfer, the charging mat detects the position of thedevices using a suitable detection mechanism and activates the mostproximate transmitting coil or coils. Though this allows more freedom interms of where a user may place a device, like the single coil design,the boundary between adjacent transmitting coils can result in weakspots due to the cancelling effects of adjacent coils whereby receiversdo not receiver sufficient power.

A further problem arises when a non-receiver is brought into the rangeof the transmitter, and an unwanted current (and therefore heat) isinduced therein. These non-receivers are typically known as parasiticloads or foreign objects. Detection of the presence of a receiver deviceis conventionally possible, but it may also be necessary to identify thereceiver as being compatible with the particular transmitter. Attemptingto transfer power to non-compatible receivers may result in inefficientpower transfer (thus, undesired energy loss), or transmitter and/orreceiver failure.

An obvious solution to the problems outlined above is to include amanually operated power switch with the transmitter. Though thisprovides a means for controlling when the transmitter should be powered,it undermines the convenience that is a goal of many IPT systems. Italso requires a user to manually switch off the transmitter when thereceiver is removed and does not accommodate any parasitic loads thatmay be introduced into the vicinity of the transmitter without theuser's knowledge.

The invention provides an inductive power transfer system and methodsthat achieve reliable and efficient wireless power transfer formulti-device powering or at least provides the public with a usefulchoice.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to one exemplary embodiment there is provided a system forpower transfer, and method of operating that system. The system includesa power transmitter and a power receiver. The power transmitter has aplurality of transmitter coils which can be selectively caused totransmit power in a plurality of modes under control of a controller toa receiver coil of the power receiver. The controller is configured todetect characteristics of the power receiver in order to control themode of the power transfer.

According to another exemplary embodiment there is provided a system forpower transfer comprising a power transmitter and at least one powerreceiver, the power transmitter having a plurality of transmitter coilswhich can be selectively caused to transmit power in a plurality ofmodes under control of a controller to a receiver coil of the at leastone power receiver,

-   -   wherein the controller is configured to detect characteristics        of the power receiver in order to control the mode of the power        transfer.

The characteristics of the power receiver may include whether the powerreceiver comprises circuitry for controlling power flow to a load of thereceiver.

The controller may be configured to communicate with the power receiverand to receive information from the power receiver on saidcharacteristics. The controller may be configured to communicate withthe power receiver through modulation of a power signal transmittedthrough electromagnetic induction between the power transmitter andreceiver.

The power transmitter may include an object detector may be provided fordetecting objects within a magnetic field induced by object detectioncoils.

The controller may extract receiver device version information frommodulated power signals passing between coupled transmitter and receivercoils to control the mode of power transfer based on the versioninformation.

The controller may also extract receiver device configurationinformation from modulated power signals passing between coupledtransmitter and receiver coils to control the mode of power transferbased on the configuration information. The maximum power to betransmitted to the receiver device and/or the number of transmittercoils needed to power the receiver may be controlled according to theconfiguration information.

During a receiver location phase, prior to energy transfer, thecontroller may selectively control which one or ones of the transmittercoils are driven based on information received from the receiver as to ameasure of signal strength received by the receiver from a driventransmitter coil. During the receiver location phase the control circuitmay sequentially connect a drive signal from the power conditioningcircuit to each power transmitting coil to energise each coil for apredetermined time.

According to another exemplary embodiment there is provided an inductivepower transfer transmitter for supplying power to an inductive powertransfer receiver having one or more receiver coils, the transmitterincluding:

-   -   i. a plurality of transmitter coils;    -   ii. a power conditioning circuit for supplying drive signals to        transmitter coils when driven; and    -   iii. a control circuit which selectively controls which one or        ones of the transmitter coils are driven by the power        conditioning circuit based on information received by the        transmitter from the receiver as to measure of signal strength        received by a receiver coil from a driven transmitter coil.

During the receiver location phase the control circuit sequentiallyconnects a drive signal from the power conditioning circuit to eachpower transmitting coil to energise each coil for a predetermined time.The predetermined time corresponds to an expected receipt time forreceiving a signal strength packet.

The control circuit may associate information received from a receiverin response to a coil being driven with the driven coil in order toselect which one or ones of the transmitter coils are to be driven. Acommunications module may detect the modulation of power signals passingbetween coupled transmitter and receiver coils to develop a measure ofcoupling between a transmitter and receiver coil pair, preferably byextracting a signal strength value from a signal strength packet sent bya receiver to develop a measure of coupling between a transmitter andreceiver coil pair.

Following selection of the one or ones of the transmitter coils, the oneor ones of the transmitter coils may be energised for longer than thepredetermined time in order to allow receipt of further packets from thereceiver. The control circuit may select one or more transmitter coilsto supply power to the receiver. A single transmitter coil having thehighest associated signal strength value may be selected or two or moretransmitter coils being the transmitter coil having the highestassociated signal strength value and the transmitter coil having thenext highest associated signal strength value.

The control circuit may control the power conditioning circuit inresponse to characteristics of the power receiver contained ininformation received by the transmitter.

The transmitter may include an object detection system and the controlsystem may energise the transmitter coils when the object detectionsystem detects an object.

The communications module may extract receiver identificationinformation from modulated signals passing between coupled transmitterand receiver coils and control operation of the power conditioningcircuit based on the identification information.

According to another exemplary embodiment there is provided, in an IPTpower system including an IPT power transmitter having a plurality oftransmitter coils and a power receiver having one or more receivercoils, a method of selectively driving one or more transmitter coilsincluding the steps of:

-   -   a. during a receiver location phase sequentially driving power        transmitting coils to energise each coil for a predetermined        time;    -   b. detecting energisation of the one or more receiver coils of        the receiver and in response thereto sending signal strength        information from the receiver to the transmitter;    -   c. associating received signal strength information with an        energised transmitter coil; and    -   d. determining which transmitter coil or coils to drive during        power transfer based on the signal strength information        associated with each transmitter coil.

The predetermined time may correspond to an expected receipt time forreceiving a signal strength packet. The receiver may send signals to thetransmitter by modulation of a power signal transmitted between thepower transmitter and receiver. The signal strength information may besent in a signal strength packet which may include receiveridentification information. Receiver identification information may besent in an identification packet to a coupled transmitter after thereceiver location phase.

The transmitter may determine version information based on the receiveridentification information. The mode of operation of the transmitter maybe controlled according to the version information. The identificationpacket may include a version code identifying the mode of operation ofthe receiver. The identification packet may also include a manufacturercode identifying the manufacturer of the receiver. The identificationpacket may also include a unique Identifier.

The communications circuit sends receiver device configurationinformation to a coupled transmitter, preferably in a configurationpacket. the configuration packet may include the maximum power to betransmitted. The power transmitter may supply power to the powerreceiver in dependence upon characteristics of the power receivercontained in information received by the transmitter.

Where every packet includes a receiver identification code, preferably aunique code, then the mode of power transfer may be based on thereceiver identification code.

According to another exemplary embodiment there is provided an inductivepower transfer receiver including:

-   -   i. a receiver coil;    -   ii. a signal strength measurement circuit for measuring the        strength of a signal received by the receiver coil from an        inductive power transfer transmitter coil; and    -   iii. a communication circuit which, upon receiving power from an        inductive power transfer transmitter coil, transmits a signal to        the inductive power transfer transmitter as to the measured        signal strength and receiver identification information.

According to another exemplary embodiment there is provided an inductivepower transfer transmitter including a plurality of adjacent transmittercoils, each winding defining a central opening and the central openingsof adjacent coils defining common openings, and slugs formed of amagnetically permeable material provided within at least some of thecommon openings and protruding above the transmitter coils.

The slugs may project from a layer of magnetically permeable materialprovided underneath the coils. At least some adjacent transmitter coilsmay have multiple layers and their layers may be interleaved.

According to another exemplary embodiment there is provided atransmitter wherein each winding defines a central opening and thecentral openings of adjacent coils define common openings and whereinslugs formed of a magnetically permeable material are provided within atleast some of the common openings.

Each slug may protrude above the top surface of the transmitter coils. Aplurality of transmitter coils may be provided with each coil having aplurality of winding layers with at least some coils being offset andtheir layers are interleaved. The slugs may project from a layer ofmagnetically permeable material provided underneath the coils.

The windings of each layer of at least some coils may be formed as aplurality of parallel windings electrically connected in parallel. Thewindings of each layer of at least some coils may be formed as threeparallel windings electrically connected in parallel. The radialdisplacement of at least some of the parallel windings may changebetween layers. In one design a pair of parallel windings alternatebetween being closest to the centre of the coil and most distant fromthe centre of the coil between layers.

According to another exemplary embodiment there is provided an inductivepower transfer transmitter including a plurality of transmitter coilswherein each coil consists of a plurality of winding layers and whereinthe windings are formed as a plurality of parallel windings electricallyconnected in parallel.

The parallel windings may be formed on each layer and interconnectedbetween layers. The windings of each layer of at least some coils may beformed as three parallel windings electrically connected in parallel.The radial displacement of at least some of the parallel windings maychange between layers, such as a pair of parallel windings alternatingbetween being closest to the centre of the coil and most distant fromthe centre of the coil between layers.

The parallel windings of each turn may be distributed between windinglayers, preferably two layers. The parallel windings may also be offsetbetween layers.

A slug formed of a magnetically permeable material may extendsufficiently above each coil to substantially reduce induced currents inthe windings. The slug may project about the height of each windingabove the top of each winding or about or above 1 mm above the top ofeach winding. Four common openings may be defined within eachtransmitter coil to accommodate the slugs. An air gap may be providedbetween each transmitter coil and each slug to reduce induced currentsin the transmitter coils.

According to another exemplary embodiment there is provided an inductivepower transfer transmitter having a plurality of transmitter coils whichcan be selectively caused to transmit power in a plurality of modesunder control of a controller to a receiver coil of at least one powerreceiver, wherein the controller is configured to detect characteristicsof the power receiver in order to control the mode of the powertransfer.

The characteristics of the power receiver may include whether the powerreceiver includes circuitry for controlling power flow to a load of thereceiver. The controller may be configured to communicate with the powerreceiver and to receive information from the power receiver on suchcharacteristics, such as through modulation of a power signaltransmitted by electromagnetic induction between the power transmitterand receiver.

The controller may extract receiver device version information frommodulated power signals passing between coupled transmitter and receivercoils and controls the mode of power transfer based on the versioninformation.

The maximum power to be transmitted to the receiver device and/or thenumber of transmitter coils needed to power the receiver may becontrolled according to the version information.

According to another exemplary embodiment there is provided an inductivepower transfer receiver including:

-   -   i. one or more receiver coils; and    -   ii. a communication circuit which, upon receiving power in the        receiver coil from an inductive power transfer transmitter coil,        transmits a signal to the inductive power transfer transmitter        as to the characteristics of the receiver.

The receiver may include a power flow controller for controlling powerflow to a load of the receiver and the characteristics communicated bythe communication circuit include power flow control characteristics.

The characteristics of the receiver may include version information,which may indicate the mode of power transfer of the receiver. Theversion information may be sent in a packet subsequent to a signalstrength packet.

The characteristics may also include configuration information, whichmay include the number of transmitter coils required to be driven toprovide power to the one or more receiver coils.

Signal strength information as to the strength of a power signalreceived from a power transmitter may be sent prior to othercommunications.

It is acknowledged that the terms “comprise”, “comprises” and“comprising” may, under varying jurisdictions, be attributed with eitheran exclusive or an inclusive meaning. For the purpose of thisspecification, and unless otherwise noted, these terms are intended tohave an inclusive meaning, i.e., they will be taken to mean an inclusionof the listed components which the use directly references, and possiblyalso of other non-specified components or elements.

Reference to any prior art in this specification does not constitute anadmission that such prior art forms part of the common generalknowledge.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings which are incorporated in and constitute partof the specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and,together with the general description of the invention given above, andthe detailed description of embodiments given below, serve to explainthe principles of the invention. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 illustrates a typical application of the present invention;

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary configuration of a wireless powertransfer system of the present invention;

FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of a transmitter of the system;

FIG. 4 shows a more detailed example of the transmitter in block diagramform;

FIGS. 5(A)-(D) show results pertaining to object detection measurements;

FIGS. 6(A)-(E) illustrate data and data packet structures of acommunications protocol;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a communications processing block;

FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of a receiver of the system;

FIG. 9 shows a more detailed example of the receiver in block diagramform;

FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram of an exemplary form of the receiver;

FIG. 11(A) illustrates a schematic view of an exemplary circuit operableto achieve the functions of an inverter of the transmitter;

FIG. 11(B) illustrates a schematic view of an exemplary circuit operableto achieve the functions of a microprocessor of the transmitter;

FIG. 11(C) illustrates a schematic view of an exemplary circuit operableto achieve the functions of a power regulator of the transmitter;

FIG. 11(D) illustrates a schematic view of an exemplary circuit operableto achieve the functions of a transmitter coil array of the transmitter;

FIG. 11(E) illustrates a schematic view of an exemplary circuit operableto achieve the functions of a selector of the transmitter;

FIG. 11(F) illustrates a schematic view of an exemplary circuit operableto achieve the functions of an object detector of the transmitter;

FIG. 11(G) illustrates a schematic view of an exemplary circuit operableto achieve the functions of a communications module of the transmitter;

FIG. 11(H) illustrates a schematic view of an exemplary circuit forimproving the functions of the communications module of the transmitter;

FIGS. 12(A) and (B) illustrate a schematic view of an exemplary circuitconnected over points A and B operable to achieve the functions of arectifier of the receiver;

FIG. 12(C) illustrates a schematic view of an exemplary circuit operableto achieve the functions of a microprocessor of the transmitter;

FIG. 12(D) illustrates a schematic view of an exemplary circuit operableto achieve the functions of a communications module of the receiver;

FIG. 12(E) illustrates a schematic view of an exemplary circuit operableto achieve the functions of a current sensing circuit of the receiver;

FIGS. 13(A)-(C) are flow diagrams of a control sequence conducted by thetransmitter;

FIGS. 14(A)-(C) are flow diagrams of a control sequence conducted by thereceiver;

FIGS. 15(A)-(C) illustrate an exemplary transmitter coil array;

FIGS. 15D to 15G illustrate an exemplary winding pattern that may beemployed for a four layer transmitter coil;

FIGS. 15H and 15J illustrate exemplary transmitter coil arrangements;

FIG. 16 is an exploded view of an exemplary transmitter;

FIG. 17 illustrates isolated components of the transmitter of FIG. 16;

FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of the depiction in FIG. 17;

FIG. 19 illustrates a relationship between a ferromagnetic protrusionand a PCB transmitter coil layer; and

FIGS. 20(A) and (B) illustrate equivalent circuits of exemplary objectdetectors of the system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 illustrates a typical application 100 of the present invention.The wireless power transfer system 100 is illustrated as having atransmitter or charging “pad” 102 having a plurality of consumerelectronic devices 104 disposed thereon so that electrical loads orenergy storage elements, e.g., batteries, of the devices can be chargedwith electrical power in a wireless or contactless manner. In theillustrated example, the electrical power is provided between the padand devices via electromagnetic induction or inductive power transfer(IPT) using loose-coupling techniques between transmitter and receiverelectronics. However, other types of wireless power transfer may bepossible for such a system, such as capacitive power transfer.

The transmitter and receiver electronics of the charging pad 102 and thedevices 104 are configured so that the disposition of the devices on thepad can be arbitrarily selected by the user without the need to ensurepre-defined alignment of the transmitter electronics (in or on the pad)with the receiver electronics (in or on the devices) for power transferto take place either at all or in an effective manner. Further, thetransmitter is configured to independently charge the so-disposedmultiple receiver devices. This ‘spatial freedom’ between transmitterand plural receivers is substantially unlimited, and is provided asdescribed below.

An exemplary configuration of a wireless power transfer system 200 isillustrated in FIG. 2. A transmitter 202 is provided which is configuredto transfer power to multiple receivers 204, 206 and 208. In thisexample, three receivers are shown of a consumer device configuration,such as the ‘smartphones’ shown in FIG. 1, placed on the transmitter‘pad’, however it will be understood by those skilled in the art basedon the following description that the ‘pad’ of the transmitter can bescaled so as to accommodate and power two or more receiver devices ofthe same types or of different types, e.g., plural phones, phablets,tablets, laptops, combinations of these, etc., each having respectivespatial dimensions and power levels, e.g. a smartphone may require about5 Watts to about 7.5 Watts of power whereas a tablet may require about15 Watts of power in order to charge the respective batteries.

The transmitter 202 is illustrated in block diagram form showing itselectronics and components. Power for transfer to the receivers is inputto the transmitter from a power supply 210. The power supply 210 maysupply either AC or DC power to the transmitter 202. For AC powersupply, the power supply 210 may be, for example, Mains power and theinput method via a cabled connection, however other AC power suppliesand input methods are possible. For DC power supply, the power supply210 may be, for example, batteries, a regulated DC power supply, or aUSB power connection to a PC or the like. In either case the circuitryof the transmitter 202 converts the input power into suitable signalsfor transfer via power transmission elements 212. The transmissionelements 212 are provided in an array 214. As shown, the transmissionelements 212 are configured so that one or more of the elements areemployed to transmit power to a receiving element 216 of one of thereceiver devices 204-208.

As understood by those skilled in the art, in IPT the transmission andreceiving elements are inductive elements provided as primary(transmission) coils and secondary or pick-up (receiving) coils whichare inductively coupled to one another when in proximity and betweenwhich power is transferred via a magnetic field induced when analternating current (AC) is passed through the transmission coils. Inthe depiction of FIG. 2, the receiver coils 216 are shown remote fromthe transmission coils 212 with the groups of coupled transmitter andreceiver coils illustrated with like hatching; this is only for ease ofexplanation and in operation the receiver coils overlay the transmittercoils with which they are coupled.

It is understood that the use of the term “coils” herein is meant todesignate inductive “coils” in which electrically conductive wire iswound into three dimensional coil shapes or two dimensional planar coilshapes, electrically conductive material is fabricated using printedcircuit board (PCB) techniques, stamping or printing (e.g., screen- or3D-printing) into three dimensional coil shapes over one or plural PCB‘layers’, and other coil-like shapes. The use of the term “coils” is notmeant to be restrictive in this sense. Further, the transmitter andreceiver coils are depicted as being generally oval in shape in the twodimensions shown in FIG. 2; this is merely exemplary and other twodimensional shapes are possible such as circular, triangular, square,rectangular, and other polygonal shapes, where such shapes are conduciveto the array configuration, as explained in more detail later.

In order to allow efficient operation of the system, it is necessary forthe transmitter 202 to only power those transmitter coils 212 which canbe coupled to the receiver coils 216 of the proximate receiver devices.In this way, the supplied power is used for power transfer to thereceiver(s) and not to power the transmitter coils themselves. Thisselective operation requires knowledge of the positioning of thereceiver coils in relation to the transmitter coils, which will beexplained in detail later.

The simplest way to selectively power the multiple transmitter coils ofthe array 214 is to provide driving electronics dedicated to each coil,or at least groups of coils in the array. Whilst this solution issimple, the amount of electronic circuitry required is high leading toadded circuit complexity, size and cost. Increased circuit complexitymeans that higher component counts are required which increases possiblelosses in the circuitry in conflict with the efficiency required foreffective IPT. Increased cost is particularly a concern for the consumerelectronics industry in which the financial margins for manufacturersand vendors are small and therefore need to be optimised. Accordingly,the IPT transmitter of the present invention utilises drivingelectronics which is common to all of the transmitter coils. Thissimplifies the circuitry required but increases the complexity of themanner of controlling the driving circuitry. This increased controlcomplexity is tolerable however when the control methods of the presentinvention are employed, as described in detail later. The transmitterdriving electronics is illustrated in FIG. 2 as driving or controlcircuitry 218. The control circuitry 218 includes a controller 220, atransmitted power conditioner 222 and a selector 224.

The controller 220 may be provided as a digital controller in the formof a programmable integrated circuit, such as microcontroller ormicroprocessor, or as an analog controller in the form of discretecircuit components, and may include or be aproportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. In the examples ofthe driving circuitry described herein, a microcontroller is providednot only to drive the coils but also as the main processing circuitry ofthe transmitter, however those skilled in the art understand that thedifferent applicable forms of controller may be equivalently useddepending on the particular application of the present system.

The transmitted power conditioner 222 is used to condition the inputpower for driving the transmitter coils, accordingly the configurationof the transmitted power conditioner 222 depends on the power supply 210used and the requirements of the transmitter coil circuitry. Forexample, if the power supply 210 supplies DC power, the transmittedpower conditioner 222 is a DC-AC inverter with a power rectificationfunction, whereas if the power supply 210 supplies AC power, thetransmitted power conditioner 222 is a combination of an AC-DC converterwith a power regulation function and a DC-AC inverter with a powerrectification function thus providing AC to AC power conditioning via aDC transmission link. In either case a single inverter is used fordriving the transmitter element array. It is possible to configure thetransmitted power conditioner 222 as a direct AC-AC converter when thepower supply 210 supplies AC power, however such direct converters aretypically not suitable for IPT applications due to the inability togenerate high frequency outputs. The power rectifying DC-AC inverter maybe provided as a switch-based rectifier, such as a half-bridge rectifieror full-bridge rectifier having switches, such as diode based switches,or semiconductor switches, such as transistors, field-effect transistors(FETs) or Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FETs (MOSFETs), in eithernon-synchronous or synchronous configurations, as is well known to thoseskilled in the art. The power regulating DC-AC converter may be providedas an AC-to-DC converter (ADC) combined with a step-up (Boost)converter, a step-down (Buck) converter, a Buck-Boost converter, orother converter type suitable for regulating the power in the specificapplication of the system 200. In the examples of the driving circuitrydescribed herein, the power supply 210 supplies AC at Mains rating, andthe transmitter or transmitted power conditioner has an ADC to convertthe AC power input by the power supply 210 to DC, a Buck-Boost converterto regulate the converted DC power and a half-bridge rectifier having apair of FETs to rectify the regulated power thus providing rectifiedpower to the transmission coils 212 for inducing the required magneticflux, however those skilled in the art understand that the differentapplicable forms of regulator and rectifier may be equivalently useddepending on the particular application of the present system.

The selector 224 may be provided as a battery or array of switchesseparate from, and connected to, the respective transmitter coils 212 oras switches separately integrated with the coils 212 in respectivetransmission circuits. The selector 224 may also include a demultiplexerand shift register for driving the switches in a manner well understoodby those skilled in the art. The operation and effect of thesecomponents of the driving circuitry 218 are discussed in detail later.

The array 214 of transmitter coils 212 may be configured in a number ofways. The transmitter coils may be configured to have substantially thesame dimensions and configuration as the receiver coils, such thatcoupled pairs of transmitter and receiver coils is possible.Alternatively, the transmitter coils may be configured to be larger orsmaller than the receiver coils and/or to have a different configurationas the receiver coils. Indeed, different types of receiver devices mayhave differently dimensioned and configured receiver coils, such that acombination of these relative configurations may be supported by thesystem and method of the present invention. In the example of FIG. 2,the transmitter coils 212 are illustrated as being smaller in dimensionthan the receiver coils 216 but of the same configuration, i.e.,generally oval. In such a configuration, plural transmitter coils 212can be coupled to a respective receiver coil 216, illustrated as thehatched transmitter coil groups 212 a, 212 b and 212 c. The use ofmultiple transmitter coils to power a single larger receiver coiloptimises the amount of power transferred through efficient use of thetransmitter and driving circuitry. As illustrated in FIG. 2, thetransmitter coils of the groups are selected based on the disposition ofthe overlying receiver coil, including the relative orientation.

The array 214 of FIG. 2 is the simplest form of arranging thetransmitter coils 212. That is, a repeated pattern of transmitter coilsis provided in a single layer or plane with each coil being generallyco-planar with all the other coils of the array. Whilst thisconfiguration provides benefits in simplicity, other configurations ofthe array are possible, including multiple-layered or multiple-planararrays of coils with or without interlayer offsets or overlaps ofregularly or irregularly arranged transmitter coils. Such increasedcomplexity arrays provide other benefits such as improved uniformity inthe coupling magnetic field. Specific embodiments of different arrayforms are described later, however the purposive effect of providingspatially free, multi-device IPT charging is common to each of theseembodiments.

With further reference to FIG. 2, the transmitter 202 also includesinstrumentation 226 for use by a user of the system 200. Theinstrumentation 226 may include user controls, such as buttons, and/orindicators, such as light emitting diodes (LEDs), as illustrated inFIG. 1. The instrumentation 226 may be connected to, and controlled by,the controller 220 or other control circuitry as applicable for theinput and output of information regarding the operation of the system.

As previously stated, the selective operation of the transmitter coilsrequires knowledge of the positioning of the receiver coils in relationto the transmitter coils. Various techniques exist in the art forachieving such a goal. In an exemplary embodiment however the presentinvention uses a relatively simple technique to first detect thepresence of a receiver or other object(s) in proximity (e.g., withincharging range) of the transmitter (“coarse” detection) and then detectthe relative position of the receiver coil(s) with respect to thetransmitter coil(s) (“fine” detection). This is advantageous in thesystem of the present invention since sufficient powering of theplurality of transmitter coils for fine detection is only undertakenonce a receiver is detected as being present, thereby allowing asubstantially low power idle or ‘sleep’ mode of the transmitter. Typicalvalues of “low” power are below about 100 mW, preferably below about 50mW, and more preferably in the range of about a few mW to less thanabout 20 mW.

The two stage receiver detection method of the present invention ofcoarse detection followed by fine detection may be provided as follows.FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of a transmitter 302 of the system ofthe present invention. As in FIG. 2, the transmitter 302 is illustratedin block diagram form showing electronics including transmissionelements/coils 312 in an array 314, and driving circuitry 318 includinga controller 320, transmitted power conditioner 322 and selector 324.Additionally, the transmitter 302 is illustrated as further having adetector 328 and a communications module 330. FIG. 4 shows a moredetailed example of a transmitter 402 having like components/elements inblock diagram form including transmission elements/coils 412 in an array414, driving circuitry 418 including a controller 420, transmitted powerconditioner 422 and selector 424, a detector 428 and a communicationsmodule 430. Additionally, the transmitted power conditioner 422 isillustrated as having a (Buck-Boost) converter 432 and a (half-bridge)rectifier 434 as described earlier. It is noted that thecomponents/elements of the transmitters 302 and 402 function in a mannersimilar to the like components/elements of the transmitter 202, and thedetector and communications modules of the transmitters 328 and 428represent the same elements in each Figure.

The detector is used for the coarse detection of the receivers inconjunction with the controller whilst the controller in conjunctionwith other circuitry may be used for the fine detection method. Thedetector 428 is provided as a detection transmission element 436 andassociated detection circuitry 438. In one embodiment the detectiontransmission element 432 is provided as a coil which surrounds the array414 of the power transmission elements 412. In another embodiment thedetection transmission element 436 may be provided as a coil thatoverlays (at least) portions of the array 414 or as a plurality (orarray) of coils. For example, the configurations and operation of thedetection coil(s) disclosed in PCT Publication No. WO 2014/070026, thecontents of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference, areapplicable exemplary forms of the transmission element 432. Thedetection element 436 is used to determine if a receiver is in theproximity of the transmitter, e.g., if a receiver device, such as asmartphone, is placed on, or removed from, the transmitter pad orcharging surface. As stated earlier, the “coils” of the detector 328/428may be wound coils or printed circuit coils or stamped or printed coilshaving such shapes and dimensions conducive to the specific application.

This detection is achieved as follows. As illustrated in FIG. 4, thecoil(s) 436 are powered via the detection circuitry 438 by a powerregulator 440 under control of the controller 420. The power regulator440 converts the input power from a power supply for use by the detector428. That is, similar to the operation of the transmitted powerconditioner, the power regulator 440 is configured to supply a regulatedAC signal (voltage/current) to the detection coil(s) 436 so as to inducethe required magnetic flux for receiver coil detection. For example, thepower regulator 440 may be provided as an ADC combined with a Buck,Boost or Buck-Boost converter. In the exemplary embodiment illustratedin FIG. 4, the power regulator 440 is Buck-Boost converter supplied withDC voltage from a DC power input 442. The DC power input 442 may beprovided as an AC adaptor at which either Mains AC power or DC power,e.g., via USB connection to a PC or the like, is supplied to thetransmitter 402. It is understood by those skilled in art that the powerregulator 440 may be part of the driving circuitry 418 depending on therelative voltage/current requirements of the power (transmitter) coils412 and the detection coil(s) 436. In the exemplary embodimentillustrated in FIG. 4, the relative requirements are different soseparate drive electronics are provided with the detector 428 (andcontroller 420) requiring a first voltage level and the transmittedpower conditioner 422 and transmission coils 412 requiring a secondvoltage level. Exemplary values of these parameters are described later.In either configuration, the DC voltage provided by the DC power input442 may be input to the circuitry of the transmitter 402 afterundergoing electromagnetic interference (EMI) conditioning by an EMIfilter block 444, which contains common and differential mode filtersfor EMI noise suppression. Suppressing EMI noise enhances stability andresponsiveness of the transmitter circuitry, especially when the systemis used in cellular communication environments.

In the simplest form of the detector, the “detection” provided isbasically that of a metal detection system. The coil(s) of the detector,when powered, is caused to oscillate at a frequency, as well understoodby those skilled in the art. This oscillation frequency is measured bythe detection circuitry under control of the controller (in terms of thenumber of edges of the oscillating frequency signal counted within apredetermined time frame). When a metallic object is in proximity of thedetection coil(s), and therefore the transmitter, it causes theoscillation to change in frequency, thus changing the number of edgesthat are counted in the time period, due to the metal absorbing theenergy of the magnetic flux emitted by the detection coil(s). The amountof change varies by the amount of energy the metallic object absorbs.Accordingly, by setting a limit or threshold for this oscillationfrequency change, a “metal object” can be detected. The change can bemeasured (i.e., detected) within a single time period or over a sequenceof time periods. Suitable methods for detecting and counting the edgesare well known and therefore not discussed in detail herein.

The frequency of the detection coil oscillation is selected throughappropriate selection of the components of the detection circuitry,which may be variable components, and dimensions and topology of thedetection coil(s) so as to be in a frequency range different than oroffset from the frequency at which the transmission coils are driven. Inthis way, the coarse detection provided by the detector does notinterfere with the operation of the transmitter in powering thereceivers. In the examples of the present invention, the detectionfrequency is in the MHz range, e.g., about 1 MHz, whilst powertransmission is in the kHz range, e.g., about 100 kHz (more specificvalue ranges are discussed later). At this frequency range, thepredetermined (first) time period for detection is in the millisecond(ms) range, e.g., about 40 ms. Accordingly, the ‘search’ for an objectbeing brought into proximity of the transmitter is performed by theconstant operation of the detection coil(s) and the sampling of theoscillation frequency at regular time intervals to determine if changesoccur. It is considered that a (second) time period of about 500 msbetween detection ‘pulses’ is suitable for detecting objects not onlyonce they are placed on the transmitter ‘pad’ but when they are beingmoved toward, along, or away from the transmitter, where ‘proximity’ isconsidered to be in the sub-100 millimeter (mm) range, e.g., about 3 mmto about 30 mm, which is the charging range of the system. However, thefirst and second time periods can be selected to be less or greaterdepending on the ‘coarseness’ of detection required.

Whilst the operation of the detection coil(s) does not interferesignificantly with the operation of the transmitter coils, the operationof the transmitter coils does interfere with the operation of thedetection coil(s), in that when charging is occurring the oscillationfrequency of the detection coil(s) is changed. This is due, in part, tothe ongoing presence of a receiver device on the charging surface of thetransmitter throughout charging, and in part, to the effect of theinduced magnetic field of the powered transmitter coils on the inducedmagnetic field of the (larger) detector coil(s). However, this influenceis simply accounted for since sudden changes in the oscillationfrequency are measured such that the effect of the charging sequencemerely shifts the baseline of the frequency delta measurement, as isdiscussed in more detail later.

The setting of the threshold of measured frequency change for detectioncan be determined experimentally depending of the application of thesystem, or can be set through calibration, or can be dynamicallydetermined and used as a ‘rolling’ average of frequency values due tothe placement of plural receiver devices on the transmitter surface. Inthe exemplary embodiments of the system described herein, a variancebetween sequential readings of the edge count of about 5% to about 10%is considered to be environmental (e.g., ‘background noise’) and aretherefore ignored (see FIG. 5(A)). When an actual consumer device, suchas a smartphone, which is a dense object containing a relatively largeamount of metal in comparison to the typical environment in which theIPT system is deployed, is placed on the transmitter surface, acomparably large change in the oscillating frequency is caused, forexample, for a typical smartphone an almost doubling of the frequencycan be observed between two sequential readings and further increases byabout 150% to about 200% over the next reading (see FIG. 5(B)). Such an‘event’ is used to ‘trigger’ the fine detection which will determine ifthe ‘object’ detected is a receiver or just some other metallic objectthat was placed on the transmitter and therefore should not be powered,i.e., a so-called “foreign object” or “parasitic load”, as is discussedin more detail later.

Whilst the results shown in FIGS. 5(A) and 5(B) illustrate that afrequency change threshold of more than about 10% could be set for arelatively sensitive ‘event’ detection or, say, about 50% or more for arelatively coarse event detection, other factors should be taken intoaccount when setting the threshold so that ‘false positives’ are notcreated in which the more time- and energy-consuming fine detectionmethod is used.

For example, the amount of metal in the environment of use proximate thesystem may influence the background variations. Whilst it is difficultto account for such factors in a predefined manner when the location andenvironment of ultimate use of the system is unknown and unconstrained,the level of influence can be reduced by suitable design of the detectorcoil(s). For example, directional coil topologies, shielding, magneticfield shaping, etc., could be used as understood by those skilled in theart.

Further, the oscillation frequency can change due to the energizing ofthe power transmitter coils. As discussed earlier, in the presentexample the transmitter coils 412, when powered, are caused to oscillateat a frequency, as well understood by those skilled in the art, of about100 kHz to about 120 kHz. This oscillation of the transmission coilsaffects the oscillation on the detection coil(s) causing a variance inthe detection readings of about 10% or more (see FIG. 5(C)).Accordingly, the effect of the powering of the power transmission orcharging coils needs to be understood and accounted for when setting thecoarse detection threshold.

Another factor that must be considered is the effect of the chargingcurrent drawn by the receiver(s) coupled to the transmitter on theoscillation frequency of the detector circuit. This change in drawncurrent is due to the change in the level of ‘charge’ of the battery orother energy storage device of the consumer electronic receiverdevice(s) over time and the power flow control which is implemented onthe transmitter-side to account for this change in terms of powertransmission efficiency (discussed in detail later). This isparticularly observed over a longer span of time, i.e., the length oftime required to charge a smartphone battery, e.g., about an hour or so,over which time the load steps in the Buck converter voltage of thepower regulator 440 reflects the amount of power required by thereceiver and that amount of change gets reflected back to the detectionreadings as a fluctuating change in the frequency of oscillation (seeFIG. 5(D)). This change over time can be accounted for in the detectionalgorithm by dynamically setting the ‘baseline’ of the oscillationfrequency in accordance with the Buck converter voltage load step, whichis known to the controller 420. Of course, it will be understood thatthe number of devices being powered/charged at a time and the types ofdevices being powered/charged, and the relative ‘charge levels’ of thesedevices also effects the detection measurements.

By combining these known influences on the detection coil(s) magnetics,a robust and effective detection regime can be provided for the coarseor initial (primary) detection regime. For example, a set of thresholdscan be dynamically determined during operation or pre-set based on the‘mode’ or use case of the multi-device charging system, e.g., no devicesbeing powered/charged, one device of a certain type beingpowered/charged, one device of another certain type beingpowered/charged, two devices of the same or different type beingpowered/charged, etc. Further, the edges being detected and counted canbe either positive going edges or negative going edges, howeverisolation of the thresholds to be different for the positive going andnegative going edges can also be used for more specific categorization.Furthermore, by detecting a change in conditions at the transmitterrather than measuring static values, detection of an object only needoccur once such that if a detected object results in not being areceiver device once the ‘fine’ or second (secondary) detection isperformed, the detected object does not trigger the need perform thesecondary detection again.

In another example, the influence of the IPT field on the detectionfield may alternatively be accounted for in hardware rather than insoftware as described above, or in addition to such software accounting.FIG. 20A illustrates an equivalent circuit of the (self-oscillating)perimeter coil disclosed in PCT Publication No. WO 2014/070026. Withthis circuit, when metal is placed inside the ‘loop’ coil L1 theinductance of that coil is changed resulting in a change in theoscillation frequency (provided by the resonant circuit of the inductorL1 and capacitor C1) which is measured using the comparator circuitryillustrated. However, as discussed above, operation of the powertransmission coils can cause the loop coil to be coupled with the IPTfield, thereby corrupting the detection signal. In order to lessen thedetrimental effect (i.e., noise) of the IPT field on the detection coil,suitable filters may be provided in the detector circuit as illustratedin FIG. 20B. In this example, a LC filter of inductor L3 and capacitorC3 is added in parallel with the detector coil L1 and a LC filter ofinductor L2 and capacitor C2 is also provided in the comparatorcircuitry. In this way, coupling of the inductors L1 and L2 (in thecomparator circuitry) with the IPT field is reduced.

As can be understood from the forgoing, the object detection method cannot only be used to detect the presence of objects, including receiverdevices, but also to detect the absence of those objects, that is when areceiver device is removed from the charging surface of the transmitteror moved relative to the charging surface, using the same thresholdregime. In this way, the charging mode(s) of the transmitter can beaccurately controlled in a simple manner, providing low-power and safeoperation.

In operation of the transmitter of the system of the present invention,efficient and effective functioning of the object detection is providedas follows. At power up of the transmitter, that is when power issupplied to the transmitter from the power supply, none of thetransmitter coils are powered and the detector coil(s) is powered underthe afore-described regime to detect if an object, including a receiverdevice, is within charging range of the transmitter. The objectdetection is continuously performed whilst the transmitter is poweredand is ceased when the transmitter is powered down.

Upon detection of a proximate object, the system performs the detectionof the receivers in conjunction with the controller. This ‘fine’detection amounts to a scan of the transmitter ‘pad’ or charging surfaceto determine the actual location of the detected object and whether thatdetected object is a receiver device. This scan is achieved byselectively activating the transmitter coils of the array to determineif an object is located in the discrete, known positions of thosetransmitter coils. The detected objects may be receiver devices or otherobjects containing metal as discussed earlier. The detection isfacilitated by the interaction of the metal with the energy transmittedby the transmitter coils. The activation of the transmitter coils isperformed in a manner so that the energy transmitted may cause couplingof the transmitter coils with proximate receiver coils without actualpowering/charging of the receiver circuitry/load associated with thecoupled receiver coils. In particular, the scan is performed so that thelocation is determined of any potential objects detected using theobject detector through magnetic interactions of the transmitter coil(s)and the objects. The scanning and detection may be carried out in anumber of ways depending on the configuration of the transmitter coilarray. For example, the principles of the inrush current measurement anddetection methods disclosed in PCT Publication No. WO 2013/165261 andPCT Publication No. WO 2014/070026, the contents of both being expresslyincorporated herein by reference, and the sweep detection methodsdisclosed in PCT Publication No. WO 2013/165261 can be used as the basisof the tests or steps of the ‘fine’ detection method of the presentinvention. Alternatively, other methods of locating the receivers can beused, including the exemplary method discussed later.

As disclosed in PCT Publication No. WO 2013/165261 and PCT PublicationNo. WO 2014/070026 the inrush and frequency sweep detection methods canbe used to ‘identify’ the receiver devices as well as locate the devicesif the characteristics of the receiver electronics is known. Having saidthis, an alternative method of locating and identifying the receivers isdiscussed later. This identification assists in determining whether thedetected object is a receiver device which is compatible to bepowered/charged by the transmitter. With respect to this function, thesystem of the present invention is distinguished from conventionalsystems for wireless power charging of consumer electronic devices asfollows.

As previously stated, the transmitter can accommodate and power two ormore receiver devices of the same types or of different types. Thesereceiver ‘types’ not only include device types, such as smartphone,tablet, etc., and power rating types, such as 3 Watts, 10 Watts, etc.,but also include receiver types compliant with the differentspecifications defined under Industry Standards. Support of thesedifferent specifications is important so to allow backward compatibilitywhen specifications of the Industry Standards are changed throughevolution of the Standard. That is, devices that are compliant with anearlier version of a specification may not be (fully) compliant with alater version of that specification. Accordingly, supporting thepowering/charging of those earlier version devices with transmittersdesigned for newer version devices means that the early adopters of theStandard are not unduly prejudiced, at least until they are able tophase out the earlier version devices for the newer versions. Whilstthis is sensible, the different generations of the Standard basedspecifications may not be complimentary or compatible in terms ofcircuit design and operation. At present the wireless power industry forconsumer devices has several specifications that are being set bydifferent Standard Setting Organizations (SSOs). These competingspecifications can be even more difficult to support with a singlesystem, due to the very different underlying technology for wirelesspower transfer being used.

In this context, the system of the present invention provides amechanism for identifying the ‘type’ of receiver device or at leastcharacteristics of the receiver device being presented to thetransmitter and for supporting the charging of plural ‘types’ ofreceiver device through this identification. The system of the presentinvention also provides a mechanism by which the receiver deviceidentifies itself to a transmitter, whether that transmitter is part ofthe present system or that of a different version of an IndustryStandard specification.

As an example application of the multi-device type powering/chargingcapabilities of the system of the present invention, operation of thecommunications module 330 of FIG. 3 is now described. In this exemplaryembodiment, the communications module complies with the communicationrequirements set out in a first version of an Industry Standardsspecification so that identification, communications andpowering/charging can be carried out with receiver devices compliantwith that first version specification as well as receiver devicescompliant with a second version of that Industry Standardsspecification, where the second version is later than the first version.In order to perform such multi-version receiver support, the transmitter302 needs to distinguish between the receiver types so that appropriateversion wireless power transfer modes can be selected.

The earlier version specification has the following four phases forpower transfer from the transmitter to the receiver:

-   Selection

The transmitter monitors the transmitter (interface) surface for theplacement and removal of objects. If the transmitter detects an object,the system proceeds to the Ping phase.

-   Ping

The transmitter executes a digital ping, and listens for a response. Ifthe transmitter receives a response, the system proceeds to theIdentification & Configuration phase.

-   Identification & Configuration

The transmitter identifies the receiver and obtains configurationinformation such as the maximum amount of power that the receiverintends to provide at its output (load). Once the receiver is identifiedand configured, the system proceeds to the Power Transfer phase.

-   Power Transfer

The transmitter provides power to the receiver, adjusting its coilcurrent in response to control data that it receives from the receiver.

In this regime of the earlier version specification, a transition fromany of the other phases to the Selection phase involves the transmitterremoving the power signal to the receiver. In terms of the presentinvention, these phases are performed as follows. The Selection phaseinvolves the object detection performed by the system of the presentinvention as described earlier. The Ping and Identification &Configuration phases are performed in the manner of the presentinvention as will now be described. The Power Transfer phase isperformed depending on the version of receiver identified so as to be ineither earlier version mode, in which the transmitter adjusts the amountof power being transferred as described above, or later version mode, inwhich the receiver adjusts the amount of received power being deliveredto the receiver-side load, as will be described later. In the followingdescription the earlier version specification is referred to as versionA, and the later version specification is referred to as version B. Itis to be understood that more versions or versions of differentStandards specifications may be supported in like manner.

Firstly, the Ping phase of the present invention is described. In thepresent embodiment, the version B transmitter of the present invention(e.g., the transmitter 302) first conducts the receiver location scan byselectively powering the transmitter coils 312 in turn to firstdetermine if a version A or version B receiver is present, and if not,the location scan is ended. This is merely an example, and the variousversions can be subsequently located (e.g., in order) instead of withinthe same scan.

In order to detect where a receiver device is located on the transmittersurface and identify that receiver device, a communications protocolbetween the transmitter and the receiver(s) can be used. Thiscommunications protocol may be in accordance with the either versionspecification so that version A and version B devices can be detected ina time efficient manner. Time efficiency is desired so that theexperience of the user of the system is not unduly effected by having towait for receiver devices to be detected before being powered/charged bythe transmitter. FIG. 6 illustrates components of an exemplarycommunications or data ‘packet’ of the version A communicationsprotocol. The packet includes a bit stream made up of ONE and ZERO bits.As illustrated in FIGS. 6(A) and 6(B), a ZERO bit is encoded as a singletransition in a single period of a clock signal, t_(CLK), and a ONE bitis encoded as two transitions in a single clock period, with the clockperiod being, for example, about 2 kHz. As the bits are encoded aseither one or two transitions, it does not matter what the initial stateof the signal is, only how many transitions occur in the period of theclock period. Each byte of the packet is encoded in an 11-bitasynchronous serial format, with one start bit, one odd parity bit andone stop bit as illustrated in FIG. 6(C). FIG. 6(D) illustrates thepacket as having four parts (portions or fields): a preamble portion of11 to 25 bits, with all bits set to ONE (i.e., no bytes are encoded inthe preamble portion); a header portion of a single byte which indicatesthe packet type and number of message portion bytes; a message portionof one or more bytes; and a checksum portion of a single byte calculatedas the header portion byte XORd with each of the message portion bytes.

In operation, a ‘ping’ is transmitted by the transmitter 302 from eachtransmitter coil 312 of the array 314 sequentially over a pre-determinedtime period, e.g., from about 100 ms to about 300 ms. The ‘ping’ is adiscrete non-charging energy signal which is able to temporarily couplethe transmitter coil transmitting the ping with a proximate receivercoil. The ping is achieved by controlling the transmitted powerconditioner 322 to output the appropriate power signal over the specifictime period via the transmitter coils 312 selected using the selector324. The power delivered by the temporary ping signal enables thecoupled receiver device to “send” a coupling communications packet tothe transmitter 302, and the communications module 330 of thetransmitter 302 includes decoding and processing circuitry for decodingand processing the received packets. The circuitry for performing thesefunctions may be provided in the communications module 330 of thetransmitter 302 under control of the controller 320, or may be providedas part of the controller 320 itself. The manner in which the receiversencode the information to be communicated in the packets and in whichthese packets are “sent” is described later.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating a decoder 702 for decoding thereceived packets and a state machine 704 for processing the decodedpackets as implemented in the controller 320 or the communicationsmodule 330. A timer 706 for measuring the time periods within thereceived communications packets is also shown. The decoder 702 isconfigured to only consider a message of a received packet valid when atleast four preamble bits are received, there is no parity error in themessage, and the checksum matches, as per the version A communicationsprotocol; however other validity criteria is possible. The decoder 702passes the decoded messages to the state machine 704, as well asindicating when a message with an error has been received. The statemachine 704 processes the decoded packets.

As stated above, a receiver device which receives the energy of the pingsignal responds by sending a coupling communications packet to thetransmitter. This coupling (first) communications packet can be in theform of a signal strength packet. The signal strength packetcommunicates a signal strength value in the message portion of thepacket which indicates the degree of coupling between the transmittercoil sending the ping and the coupled receiver coil. The state machine704 processes this received signal strength packet whereby thetransmitter 302 is able to locate the receiver device as being at aposition local to the transmitting transmission coil because it is thattransmission coil which receives the signal strength packet, primarilyas a reflected signal in the IPT field, as is understood by thoseskilled in the art.

Further to the locating of a receiver device, the transmitter coil orcoils for powering/charging the receiver device can also be deduced fromthe signal strength packet. That is, as discussed below, and in moredetail later, the receiver is configured to measure the level ofcoupling between a certain one of the transmitter coils and the receivercoil(s) of the receiver device, and to indicate this level of couplingto the transmitter by communicating the signal strength. Accordingly,the transmitter can determine which transmitter coil or combination oftransmitter coils gives the best coupling. For example, if a combinationof two or more transmitter coils are to be used to maximize powertransmission whilst maximizing power efficiency, the controller 320 maydetermine which transmitter coil 312 provides the maximum signalstrength measurement and which transmitter coils 312 adjacent that‘best’ transmitter coil 312 provides the next ‘best’ signal strength, sothat the ‘best’ two transmitter coils 312 are selected for powertransmission using the selector 324. Alternatively, other measurementsof the same or different parameters may be used, such as the currentinrush method discussed earlier.

Whilst a two stage receiver detection method has been described in whichobjects are first detected using a low-power coarse detection method andthen located relative to the transmitter coils using the fine detectionscanning method, a single stage detection method is within the scope ofthe present invention. For example, if the power efficiency in detectingnewly presented, or movement of previously presented, receiver devicesis considered to be of lower importance for a particular application,the coarse detection can be omitted either in particular situations orby omitting the object detection circuitry and associated softwarealtogether from the system. Indeed, the circuitry of the transmitter andreceiver may be configured such that power efficiency is optimizedduring the transmitter pad scan, or any consequential increase in thespeed of detection/location may be valued higher than the need forlow-power “idle” or standby modes.

Upon locating the receiver device, the system enters the Identification& Configuration phase. In this phase, the transmitter identifies thereceiver and obtains configuration information such as the maximumamount of power that the receiver intends to provide at its output(load). For example, this is achieved by the located receiver devicealso sending an identification communications packet to the transmitterwhen the energy of the ping signal is received. This identification(second) communications packet communicates an identity of the receiverdevice in the message portion of the packet. For example, the messagecontains: a Version Code, a Manufacturer Code, and Basic DeviceIdentifier, as per the version A communications protocol, where theVersion Code specifies the receiver is version A and/or version Bcompatible, the Manufacturer Code identifies the manufacturer of thereceiver and the Basic Device Identifier is the receiver device identitywhich can be randomly generated to ensure sufficient uniqueness (e.g.,device ID or ID Code). The state machine 704 processes this receivedidentification packet whereby the transmitter 302 is able to identifythe receiver device that has been located. In the version Acommunications protocol, the identification packet is accompanied by aconfiguration (third) communications packet in which the message portionof the packet indicates the maximum power the receiver device has beenconfigured to receive. The state machine 704 processes this receivedconfiguration packet whereby the transmitter 302 is able to configureparameters of the Power Transfer mode accordingly. For a version Breceiver, the configuration packet may contain additional configurationinformation, such as the maximum/minimum number of transmitter coilsneeded to power the receiver.

As an alternative to the above-described protocol of sequentiallyproviding the coupling, identification and configuration packets inresponse to the ping from the transmitter, the system may be configuredto send similar information in more or less data packets. FIG. 6(E)illustrates an alternative packet structure in which an ID portion orfield is provided between the header and message portions. This allowsthe identity of the device, such as the Basic Device Identifier, to besent with all data packets which may be useful during subsequentcommunications, as described later. Further, this could obviate the needfor the separate identification data packet being (generated and) sentif the Version and Manufacturer Codes can be inherently deduced from theID Code, which can assist in speeding up the location and identificationscan. Furthermore, the ID code could be further used to initially definethe configuration requirements of the identified receiver device, suchthat the configuration data packet could be omitted also, therebyfurther speeding up the processing time of the ‘fine’ detection methodof the present system.

In order to describe the Power Transfer phase, it will be firstinstructive to describe in detail examples of receiver device(s)applicable to the present invention in relation to the applicableexemplary transmitter(s).

FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of a receiver 804 of the system of thepresent invention. The receiver 804 is illustrated in block diagram formshowing electronics including received power management circuitry 806and receiver circuitry 808, which includes a controller 810, a receivedpower conditioner 812 and a communications module 814, and a load 816.FIG. 9 shows a more detailed example of a receiver 904 having likecomponents/elements in block diagram form including received powermanagement circuitry 906 and receiver circuitry 908, which includes acontroller 910, a received power conditioner 912 and a communicationsmodule 914, and a load 916, and a current sensing circuit 917.Additionally, the received power conditioner 912 is illustrated ashaving a power rectifier 918 and a voltage regulator 920, and thetransmitted energy from the coil array 314 of FIG. 3 is shown forcontext. It is noted that like components/elements of the receivers 804and 904 function in a similar manner to one another.

The controller 810/910 may be provided as a digital controller in theform of a programmable integrated circuit, such as microcontroller ormicroprocessor, or as an analog controller in the form of discretecircuit components. In the examples of the received power management andreceiver circuitry described herein, a microcontroller is provided notonly to drive power flow control to the receiver-side load but also asthe main processing circuitry of the receiver, however those skilled inthe art understand that the different applicable forms of controller maybe equivalently used depending on the particular application of thepresent system.

The power rectifier 918 may be provided as a switch-based rectifier,such as a half-bridge rectifier or full-bridge rectifier havingswitches, such as diode based switches, or semiconductor switches, suchas transistors, FETs or MOSFETs, in either non-synchronous orsynchronous configurations, as is well known to those skilled in theart. The voltage regulator 920 may be provided as a low dropoutregulator (LDO) or other circuitry suitable for regulating the voltagein the specific application of the system. As the power received by thereceiver coil is an AC signal, in the examples of the receiver circuitry908 described herein the received power conditioner has the powerrectifier 918 configured as a full bridge rectifier which converts ACvoltage into DC voltage and the voltage regulator 920 configured as anLDO for regulating the rectified DC voltage (i.e., the IntermediateVoltage illustrated in FIG. 9) to a voltage suitable for delivery to theload 916, however those skilled in the art understand that the differentapplicable forms of rectifier and regulator may be equivalently useddepending on the particular application of the present system.

As discussed earlier, when a receiver device is brought into couplingproximity of the transmitter of the system the presence, relativelocation and identity of the receiver device is first ascertained beforepowering/charging of the receiver device is allowed/enabled. Thisfunctioning not only assists the spatial freedom of device placement onthe transmitter and the simultaneous charging of multiple devices, butalso ensures that the devices are powered/charged in a compatiblemanner. This is because, as described earlier, multiple receiver deviceversions which adhere to different SSO specifications have differentpowering and charging requirements, such as maximum allowable voltagedelivered to the receiver-side load, for example. This detection andconfiguration phase is most conveniently performed by having thereceiver-side load disconnected from the charging circuitry of thereceiver, and thus the transmitter, so there are no issues withincorrect or undesired charging. That is, when the receiver is poweredon by the coupling ping of the transmitter the receiver enters aninitial state. In this initial state, the power regulator 924 isdisabled and the output load 916 is disconnected by keeping the LDO 920disabled, in a manner well understood by those skilled in the art. Otherways of disconnecting the receiver-side load in the initial and otherstates are also applicable to the present invention.

By this provision of the load disconnection together with the powerrectification and the inclusion of the communications module, thereceiver of the present invention, which is configured as a version Breceiver, is similar to a version A receiver. However, this is where thesimilarities end. One functional difference between the version Breceiver of the present invention and a version A receiver is theinclusion of power flow control in the receiver side. As will becomeapparent from the description to come, power flow control for theversion A receiver is provided through the communications between theversion A receiver and the transmitter, either version A or version B,where the transmitter responds to such communication by altering theamount of power being transmitted. Power flow control is necessary inorder to ensure that the load of the receiver device, such arechargeable battery, is not overcharged or undercharged and so thattransmitted power is not unduly and undesirably wasted, since this wouldreduce the system efficiency. Whilst requiring power flow control on thetransmitter-side works well, it is relatively slow in operation asconstrained by the use of the communications link and difficult tocontrol in a fine or precise manner as the transmission of power over anIPT field is being used as the primary means of power flow control.Accordingly, the provision of power flow control in the receiver of thepresent invention itself allows a more dynamic and precise form acontrol.

Whilst power flow control on the receiver-side is known, it is to beunderstood that particular application of the present invention is theminiaturisation of the receiver circuitry into consumer electronicdevices, such as smartphones, as has been previously described.Accordingly, known power flow control circuitry which is complex,cumbersome and component heavy is not suitable for such application,where the ultimate goal is to integrate the circuitry of the receiverinto ICs of the devices themselves.

The power flow control of the receiver of the present invention isprovided by the received power management circuitry under control of thecontroller. Returning to FIG. 9, the received power management circuitry906 includes receiver element (coil) circuitry 922 and a power regulator924 which regulates the power that is delivered from the receiverelement circuitry 922 to the received power conditioner 912. Exemplaryforms of the received power management circuitry include the tuningcircuitry and power regulation configurations disclosed in U.S.Provisional Application Nos. 61/930,191 and 61/990,409 both entitledCoupled-Coil Power Control for Inductive Power Transfer Systems andfiled 22 Jan. and 8 May 2014, respectively, U.S. Provisional ApplicationNos. 62/075,878 and 62/076,714 both entitled Received Wireless PowerRegulation and filed 5 Nov. and 7 Nov. 2014, respectively, and NewZealand Provisional Application Nos. 617604, 617606 and 620979 entitledPower Receiver Having Magnetic Signature and Method of Operating Same,Contactless Power Receiver and Method of Operating Same, and InductivePower Receiver with Resonant Coupling Regulator, respectively, and filed11 Nov. 2013, 11 Nov. 2013 and 7 Feb. 2014, respectively, the contentsof which are all expressly incorporated herein by reference. FIG. 10illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the receiver having receivedpower management circuitry with adaptions for providing multiple-modeoperation for version A and version B powering/charging.

Like FIG. 8 and FIG. 9, FIG. 10 shows a receiver 1004 having receivedpower management circuitry 1006 and receiver circuitry 1008, whichincludes a controller 1010, a received power conditioner 1012 and acommunications module 1014, and a load 1016. The received powerconditioner 1012 has a power rectifier 1018, shown as a block diagram ofa diode bridge, and a voltage regulator 1020. These components may beconfigured, and operate, in the manner described for the like componentsof FIG. 9. The received power management circuitry 1006 has receiverelement circuitry 1022 and a power regulator 1024.

The receiver element circuitry 1022 is configured as a dual resonantcircuit having a receiving element 1026 and (resonant) tuning elements1028 and 1030. The receiving element is configured as a receiver (pickupor secondary) coil 1026. The (first) tuning element 1028 is illustratedas a series tuning capacitor C_(S) configured to improve the powertransfer efficiency of the system in a manner understood by thoseskilled in the art. The (second) tuning element 1030 is illustrated as aparallel tuning capacitor C_(P) configured to enable a resonantdetection method for a version A transmitter in accordance with theversion A specification, tuned to about 1 MHz, so is not described indetail herein. The illustrated capacitors may be provided as other fixedor variable reactive elements, such as variable capacitors, inductors,etc., or combinations of such elements, or as other tuning elements,such as resistors, etc., as is well understood by those skilled in theart.

As illustrated in FIG. 10, the receiver 1004 also includes a currentsensing circuit 1017 which is provided for sensing the output current tothe load 1016 which is communicated to the controller 1010. Thecontroller 1010 uses the sensed output current information for a numberof purposes when in version A mode (described in detail later)including:

-   (a) to request a version A (mode) transmitter to establish an    optimal operating point;-   (b) to determine the received power as sent to a version A (mode)    transmitter; and-   (c) to determine if the synchronous rectifier 1018 needs to be    enabled, which is not required in version A mode.

Having described exemplary forms of the version A and version Breceivers, an example of the Power Transfer mode as implemented by thesystem of the present invention is now described. As discussed earlier,in the Power Transfer mode of the earlier version SSO specification, thetransmitter provides power to the receiver, adjusting its coil currentin response to control data that it receives from the receiver. However,in the later version SSO specification the receiver adjusts the amountof received power being delivered to the receiver-side load in themanner described earlier. Therefore, several operation scenarios need tobe supported by the system of the present invention in thismulti-version charging environment. These scenarios are:

-   (1) Version B mode—version B transmitter    -   version B transmitter charging one or more version B receiver        devices;-   (2) Version B mode—version B receiver    -   version B receiver being charged by a version B transmitter;-   (3) Version A mode—version B transmitter    -   version B transmitter charging one or more version A receiver        devices;-   (4) Version A mode—version B receiver    -   version B receiver being charged by a version A transmitter;-   (5) Multi-version mode—version B transmitter    -   version B transmitter charging one or more version A and version        B receiver devices.

In order for the system to adopt one of these different modes ofoperation, a determination of the respective versions of the transmitterand receiver needs to be made in each case. In the version Acommunications protocol described earlier, the communication isperformed in one-direction, that is, from the receiver to thetransmitter. This provides a good mechanism for identifying the versionof the receiver to the transmitter, in the manner of the Identification& Configuration phase as described earlier, however it does not providea mechanism for identifying the version of the transmitter to thereceiver. Before description of the various scenarios is made the commonelements are discussed.

Firstly, as the version A communications protocol is suitable for eitherversion A or version B receiver identification, the manner in which thedifferent version receivers encode the information to be communicated inthe data packets in response to the ‘ping’ from either a version A orversion B transmitter is fundamentally the same. That is, thecommunications module 914 of the receiver 904 uses amplitude modulation(AM) under control of the controller 910 to produce the transitionswhich define the bit stream of ONE and ZERO bits making the various datapackets in a manner well understood by those skilled in the art, forexample, amplitude modulation can be provided by configuring thecommunications module 914 as two capacitors of suitable size withassociated switches on the AC-side of the receiver so that an AC signalis modulated using the capacitive load. Further, the communicationsmodule 330 of the transmitter 302 is configured in a manner wellunderstood by those skilled in the art to demodulate the modulatedsignals received from the receiver 904 and feeds the demodulated packetsto the decoder 702. Specific examples of embodiments of the demodulationcircuitry of the transmitter are described later.

For the signal strength packet, for example, the receipt of the(digital) ping from the transmitter (of any version) causes the receiverelement (coil) circuitry 922 to produce a corresponding AC signal whichis converted to a rectified DC voltage by the power rectifier 918 as theIntermediate Voltage. The Intermediate Voltage is sampled by thecontroller 910 (e.g., by using a voltage divider circuit to measure theIntermediate Voltage to produce a voltage sensing signal that iscommunicated to the controller 910) and is used thereby to control thecommunications module 914 to produce, using the amplitude modulation,the signal strength packet indicating a level of the IntermediateVoltage, and therefore the level (or strength) of the coupling betweenthe receiver coil and the transmitter coil used to transmit the ping.

Secondly, in the present example, version A requires that thetransmitters of any version operate in a certain frequency range, e.g.,from about 110 kHz to about 205 kHz. This requirement must be met toensure compatibility of the later version transmitter and receivers withthe earlier version transmitter and receivers. With respect to thefrequency range requirements, the operating frequency of the version Btransmitter and the version B receiver are set to be about 110 kHz.

Thirdly, the limited required frequency range provides an opportunityfor the version B transmitter to communicate with a coupled version Breceiver, thereby providing two-way or bi-directional communication, asfollows with reference to the FIG. 3 embodiment. The version Btransmitter is configured to transmit a discrete non-powering signaloutside, or shifted from, the operating frequency range of version A onthe (or each) transmitter coil 312 of the array 314 via which a versionB identification packet was received from a coupled receiver. Forexample, a signal of higher frequency than the version A operatingfrequency, such as about 300 kHz to about 1 MHz, is transmitted. In thepresent embodiment, a signal (or burst) of about 300 kHz to about 400kHz is transmitted by the transmitter coils. This is achieved bycontrolling the transmitted power conditioner 322 to output theappropriate power signal over a predefined time period via thetransmitter coils 312 selected using the selector 324. This provides a‘signature’ to inform the identified version B receiver to operate inversion B mode. In the present embodiment, the predefined time period isabout 10 ms to about 50 ms.

For the purposes of restatement, the exemplary process performed by thesystem before the Power Transfer phase is as follows. On power up of thetransmitter an initial state is entered in which none of the transmittercoils are powered such that no power is delivered to any proximatereceivers. In this initial state the object detection keeps running todetect if a receiver has been placed on the charging surface of thetransmitter. Upon triggering of an object detection result thetransmitter runs a scan of the entire charging surface to determine theareas that may have a receiver device thereon. As previously describedthis scan may involve measuring the current inrush at the discretetransmitter coils or the search for a receiver's response to the sendingof a digital communications ping by the transmitter. Further, whilst thedescribed embodiments of the location (and identification) scan involvesthe scanning of the entire charging surface, it is within the scope ofthe present invention that the scan is performed only until a receiverdevice is located. Once a receiver is detected, the transmitter entersthe power transfer state. It is noted however that after this initialstate, the object detection, and any location and identification scantriggered thereby, continues to be performed by the transmitter so thatmovement or removal of the detected receiver can be determined and/orthe placement of further receiver devices can be detected.

With these common elements understood, the various use cases orscenarios applicable to the system of the present invention are nowdescribed in the order they appeared earlier, i.e., scenarios (1) to(5), in the context of the Power Transfer phase and with reference tothe exemplary embodiments of FIG. 3 and FIG. 9. It is noted that thisorder is not to be considered as a sequential order of any kind, as thedetermination of the correct operation state is performed for allscenarios in the same process flow. Further, various criteria other thanwhat is described now may be required to be met in actual operation ofthe system. These criteria are described later in the context ofspecific examples.

In scenario (1), a version B transmitter is to be used to charge one ormore version B receiver devices, and therefore the version B transmitterneeds to be placed in version B mode.

As in the exemplary regime described earlier, the version B receivercommunicates that it is version B as part of the identification packetsent in response to the ping (message) received from the version Btransmitter. The communications module 330 of the transmitter 302 inconjunction with the controller 320 (e.g., using the decoder 702 andstate machine 704) determines that the received identification packetidentifies that the receiver device 904 is version B and in couplingrange of the transmitter coil(s) 312 on which the identification packetwas received. In response the controller 320 places the transmitter 302into version B mode.

With the version B transmitter and version B receiver both in version Bmode, Power Transfer in version B mode can commence in the mannerdiscussed in relation to scenario (2). It is noted that when in thePower Transfer phase of version B mode when a second or subsequent oranother version B receiver is brought into coupling proximity of thetransmitter 302, e.g., a second version B receiver is placed on thecharging surface, the object detection of the Selection phase istriggered thereby causing interruption of the Power Transfer phase andinitiation of the Ping and Identification & Configuration phases. Inthese phases, the version B receiver(s) already being charged arere-discovered and any new (or moved) version B receivers are discovered.Such that when the Power Transfer phase is entered into, thepowering/charging of the re-discovered receivers resumes andpowering/charging of the newly discovered receivers commences. Pluralversion B receiver devices are able to be individually powered/chargedsimultaneously by the version B transmitter in version B mode eventhough a single inverter is employed by the transmitter since power flowcontrol is enacted by the version B receivers themselves, as explainedin detail below.

It is noted that before entering the Power Transfer phase, thetransmitter 302 may perform a so-called foreign object detection step todetermine if there is a (metallic or other power absorbing material)object between the transmitter coils and the receiver coil, if present.If a foreign object is detected, the transmitter will choose not topower the transmitter coils. If no foreign object is detected, the PowerTransfer phase is started. An exemplary foreign object detection methodis the method described in New Zealand Provisional Application No.626547 and US Provisional Patent Application Nos. 62/078,103, 62/094,341and 62/099,750, the contents of which are expressly incorporated hereinby reference.

In scenario (2), a version B receiver device is to be charged by aversion B transmitter, and therefore the version B receiver needs to beplaced in version B mode.

In one exemplary embodiment of the version B receiver, the initial statedescribed earlier may be conducted in a neutral mode, i.e., with thereceiver placed in neither version A nor version B mode. The selectionof version B mode for operation of the version B receiver can beperformed as follows from this neutral mode initial state.

With the version B transmitter in version B mode, the transmitter 302first selects the transmitter coil or coils 312 via which theidentification packet was received with the selector 324 and transmitsthe shifted frequency burst therewith to identify itself as a version Btransmitter to the version B receiver. After sending the identificationand configuration packets, the controller 910 of the receiver 904 runs amode selection algorithm which detects the frequency of the powersignals from the transmitter 302 received by the receiver coil 922 ofthe receiver 904, in a manner well understood by those skilled in theart. If the receiver 904 detects the 300 kHz signals from thetransmitter 302, it will enter a waiting state.

After a fixed time delay, e.g., about 50 ms as stated earlier, thecontroller 320 changes the operating frequency of the selectedtransmitter coil(s) 312 to the charging frequency of the version Breceiver, e.g., about 110 kHz. In the waiting state, the receiver 904detects this change in transmit power frequency since the controller 910continues to run the mode selection algorithm so as to keep checking thefrequency of the signals being received from the transmitter 302. Onceit is detected that the 110 kHz signals have been received, the modeselection algorithm selects version B mode by enabling the powerregulator 924 and the LDO 920 with the controller 910 thereby connectingthe output load 916 to the receiver circuitry 908 and allowing the powermanagement circuitry 906 to control the power flow in the receiver 904.

The version B receiver may also be configured to send or moreconfiguration (third) communication packets to the version B transmitterduring the waiting state so as to select the number of transmitter coilsthat should be operated to power/charge the receiver-side load.

Further, in one example of an earlier version specification, in orderfor a power contract to be established between a version A or version Breceiver and a version A transmitter, valid signal strength,identification and configuration packets need to be received by thetransmitter from the receiver within a required time interval, e.g.,about 500 ms. Accordingly, the version B receiver may be configured toassume it has been placed on a version A transmitter in the initialstate described earlier. That is, the default mode of the version Breceiver is version A mode so that the version B receiver can quicklyestablish a version A power contract. In this example, the modeselection algorithm is configured as a frequency detection InterruptService Routine (ISR) in which the default movement from the initialstate to version A mode is interrupted when the version B signaturesignal from the transmitter is detected.

With the version B transmitter and version B receiver both in version Bmode, Power Transfer in version B mode can commence and power flowcontrol effected in the manner applicable to the configuration andoperation of the receiver coil circuitry 922 and power regulator 924 ofthe received power management circuitry 906 and the received powerconditioner 912, as described for example in afore-referenced U.S.Provisional Application Nos. 61/930,191, 61/990,409, 62/075,878 and62/076,714 and New Zealand Provisional Application Nos. 617694, 627606and 620979.

In scenario (3), a version B transmitter is to be used to charge one ormore version A receiver devices, and therefore the version B transmitterneeds to be placed in version A mode.

As in the exemplary regime described earlier, the version A receivercommunicates that it is version A as part of the identification packetsent in response to the ping (message) received from the version Btransmitter. The communications module 330 of the transmitter 302 inconjunction with the controller 320 (e.g., using the decoder 702 andstate machine 704) determines that the received identification packetidentifies that the receiver device is version A and in coupling rangeof the transmitter coil(s) 312 on which the identification packet wasreceived. In response the controller 320 places the transmitter 302 intoversion A mode.

With the version B transmitter in version A mode, Power Transfer inversion A mode can commence as follows, for example.

As discussed earlier, in version A mode of the transmitter 302 powerflow control for the version A receiver is provided through thecommunications between the version A receiver and the version Btransmitter. In particular, once in version A mode the controller 320 ofthe transmitter 302 processes (e.g., using the decoder 702 and statemachine 704) the configuration (third) communications packet received atthe communications module 330 from the version A receiver to establish apower contract with the version A receiver. All proceeding powertransfer control is then handled by the version A receiver using thecommunications. For example, the controller 320 responds to powertransfer (fourth) communications packets sent by the version A receiver.The message portion of the power transfer packets are used by theversion A receiver to provide different control functions. For example,the power transfer packets may include a start power transfer packet, anend power transfer packet, an adjust power packet and an error packet.These packets are decoded by the decoder 702 and implemented by thestate machine 704 to ensure the power signal is controlled and regulatedso the transmitter conforms to the version A specification.

When the transmitter 302 receives the start power packet, the controller320 adjusts the operating frequency of the transmitting coils 312 beingused to power the receiver to move to the operating point specified inthe message portion of the start power packet and begins power transfer.In the present example, the state machine 704 sets the amount of powertransferred by adjusting the (buck-boost) output voltage of thetransmitted power conditioner 322.

Once power transfer has begun, the adjust power packets are continuouslysent by the version A receiver as the amount of power required by thereceiver-side load varies with the charging and use status and are usedto regulate the amount of power being received at the version Areceiver. When the transmitter 302 receives the adjust power packets,the controller 320 adjusts the operating frequency of the transmittingcoils 312 being used to power the receiver to move to the optimaloperating point specified in the message portion of the adjust powerpacket. In the present example, the state machine 704 controls theamount of power transferred by adjusting the (buck-boost) output voltageof the transmitted power conditioner 322 as each adjust power packet isreceived.

If the controller 320 cannot adjust the output voltage to satisfy therequired adjustment (either higher or lower) because the transmittedpower conditioner 322 is at the limits of its operational range, thecontroller 320 may cause the selector 324 to select a differenttransmitting coil 312 (or set of coils) being used to worsen or improvethe field coupling with the receiver coil.

When the transmitter 302 receives the end power packet or error packets,the controller 320 ends power transfer and moves back to its initialstate from the Power Transfer phase. Error packets may be sent asindicators of the presence of various erroneous conditions within or inthe vicinity of the receiver, such as over-temperature, over-voltage,etc.

Another possible power transfer communications packet generated and sentby the version A receiver is a received power packet, which may becontinuously sent during the Power Transfer phase. These received powerpackets can be used by the version B transmitter to determine thedifference between the power being transmitted (which is known to thecontroller) and the amount of power being received by the version Areceiver thereby allowing calculation of any power transfer loss. Thetransmitter may be programmed with a predetermined threshold value ofpower transfer loss which is acceptable for version A power transfer.This threshold indicates a possible situation that some object otherthan or additional to the version A receiver is receiving some or all ofthe transferred power, a so-called foreign object. Such foreign objectsneed to be detected to reduce undesirable effects, such as inefficientpower transfer to the receiver and absorption of the transferred powerby the foreign object, which may be metallic, thereby causing unwantedor unsafe heating. In particular, if the controller 320 determines thatthe power transfer loss is higher than the predetermined threshold powertransfer loss value, the transmitter 302 stops powering the receiver toprevent the foreign object from getting hot. Accordingly, the version Btransmitter is able to perform foreign object detection using power lossaccounting whilst in version A mode.

When power transfer is ceased, either due to receipt of end powerpackets or error packets (CEPs), or determination of a possible foreignobject being present, the transmitter may indicate these situations tothe user through the instrumentation 226, for example, such as anaudible or visual indication, e.g., using the LEDs. Alternatively, oradditionally, the controller may be configured to indication eachsituation in a different manner, i.e., different flashing or colourregimes for end power and error situations. These functions are equallyapplicable to version B mode of the transmitter with respect to theending of the Power Transfer phase in either normal or erroneousoperating conditions.

In another example of the present embodiment, the received power datapacket may be used instead of the power adjust packet rather than inaddition. That is, the transmitter 302 may be configured to determinewhether power flow control is necessary based on the received powervalue indicated in the received power data packet.

It is noted that when in the Power Transfer phase of version A mode whena second or subsequent or another version A receiver is brought intocoupling proximity of the transmitter 302, e.g., a second version Areceiver is placed on the charging surface, the object detection of theSelection phase is triggered thereby causing interruption of the PowerTransfer phase and initiation of the Ping and Identification &Configuration phases. In these phases, the version A receiver alreadybeing charged is re-discovered and any new (or moved) version Areceivers are discovered. However, unlike version B mode in which pluralversion B receivers can be individually powered/charged simultaneouslyby the version B transmitter, in version A mode only one version Areceiver can be powered/charged at a time. This is because, unlikeversion B mode in which power flow control is enacted by the version Breceivers themselves, in version A mode power flow control is enacted bythe transmitter, and in the present case of the version B transmitterthis is performed by a single inverter. Accordingly, when the PowerTransfer phase is re-entered, the transmitter 302 can be configured, forexample, to resume powering/charging of the re-discovered receiver untilthe end power packet is receiver therefrom at which pointpowering/charging of the newly discovered receiver commences.Alternatively, the version A receivers could be alternatelypowered/charged over time, rather than subsequently.

Whilst it is physically possible to power/charge more than one version Areceiver simultaneously, it is not possible to ensure that each versionA receiver is receiving the optimal amount of power as is required bythe earlier version specification of the present example. If however theearlier version specification of a particular application providesdiffering criteria and requirements, multiple charging could besupported in the earlier specification version mode.

In scenario (4), a version B receiver device is to be charged by aversion A transmitter, and therefore the version B receiver needs to beplaced in version A mode.

As described earlier, the initial state of the version B receiver may beconducted in neutral mode, i.e., with the receiver placed in neitherversion A nor version B mode, or default mode, i.e., with the version Breceiver in version A mode so that the version B receiver can quicklyestablish a version A power contract. In either of these modes, as witha version B transmitter, the version A transmitter intermittentlytransmits a ‘ping’ to detect the presence of a suitable receiver. Theversion B receiver responds to a received ping from the version Atransmitter in the same manner as discussed earlier, e.g., bycommunicating coupling (signal strength) and identification (andconfiguration) packets. However, unlike in scenario (2), if the receiver904 is in neutral mode, after sending the identification (andconfiguration) packet, the version B receiver will not enter the waitingstate because unlike with a version B transmitter, the receiver 904 willnot detect any shifted frequency or other signature signals from theversion A transmitter, rather the version A transmitter will begintransmitting power at the operating frequency, e.g., 110 kHz, based onthe configuration packet received from the receiver 904. Based on thenon-receipt of the shifted frequency or other signature signal, thecontroller 910 of the receiver 904 determines that the transmitter isversion A, and therefore enters or maintains version A mode therebyestablishing the power contract.

As with the version A receiver, in version A mode the version B receiverhandles all proceeding power transfer control using the communications.For example, the communications module 914 of the receiver 904 generatesand sends power transfer (fourth) communications packets to the versionA transmitter. The message portion of the power transfer packets areused by the receiver 904 to provide different control functions. Forexample, the power transfer packets may include a start power transferpacket, an end power transfer packet, an adjust power packet and anerror packet. These packets are decoded by the decoder and implementedby the state machine of the version A transmitter to ensure the powersignal is controlled and regulated so the transmitter conforms to theversion A specification.

With respect to the start power packet, the controller 910 of thereceiver 904 measures the Intermediate Voltage to check if(predetermined) start-up requirements for Power Transfer of the versionA specification are met or not. In the present example, the start-uprequirement for Power Transfer is that the Intermediate Voltage isgreater than seven (7) Volts. If the start-up requirement is not met,the communications module 914 in conjunction with the controller 910sends an error packet to request the version A transmitter to move to anoptimal operating point so that the start-up requirement is met. Oncethe start-up requirement is met, the controller 910 enables the LDO 920thereby connecting the output load 916 to the receiver circuitry 908. Itis noted that the power regulator 924 is not enabled in version A mode,and therefore the power management circuitry 906 does not control thepower flow in the receiver 904.

Once power transfer has begun, the controller 910 continuouslydetermines the output to the load 916. This can be done by measuring thevoltage or the current output by the LDO 920. In the exemplaryembodiments, the current sensing circuit 917 is used to measure theoutput current as described earlier. The output current samples arecommunicated to the controller 910 which checks the measured valuesagainst predetermined value ranges, for example by consulting a lookuptable, to determine the desired Intermediate Voltage. Table 1 shows anexample of the relationship of the output current and the desiredIntermediate Voltage for the present embodiment in which a 5V LDO isused to regulate the output voltage to be 5V. In this case, the minimumdropout voltage is designed to be less than 100 mV at 1.5 A output.Thus, the Intermediate Voltage can be controlled to be 5.1V to allow the100 mV dropout and keep the output voltage to be 5V.

TABLE 1 Lookup Table for desired Intermediate Voltage Output Current(mA) Desired Intermediate Voltage (V)  0-100 7 101-300 6 301-500 5.5 500-1000 5.1

At low or light load, e.g., the battery of the receiver device is nearits fully charged state, the desired Intermediate Voltage is set to ahigh value so the receiver 904 can handle a load step without affectingthe output voltage. At higher load, e.g., the battery of the receiverdevice requires charging, the desired Intermediate Voltage is set to5.1V so the dropout voltage between the Intermediate Voltage and theoutput voltage is 0.1V to minimize the power loss across the 5V Load LDO920.

After determining the desired Intermediate Voltage, the controller 910of the receiver 904 samples the actual Intermediate Voltage to determinethe difference between the desired Intermediate Voltage and actualIntermediate Voltage at the measured (known) output current value. Basedon this difference the controller 910 sets the value of the message ofthe power adjust packet with the communications module 914. This may beachieved for example by dividing the calculated difference between thedesired Intermediate Voltage and actual Intermediate Voltage by apre-determined scale factor. This power adjust value can be eitherpositive (e.g., requesting the version A transmitter to provide morepower) or negative (e.g., requesting the version A transmitter toprovide less power). The adjust power packets are continuously sent bythe receiver 904 as the amount of power required by the receiver-sideload varies with the charging and use status and are used to regulatethe amount of power being received at the receiver 904.

The controller 910 of the receiver 904 is also configured to generateand send received power packets using the communications module 914 sothat power loss accounting for error and/or foreign object detection canbe performed by the version A transmitter. The received power is ameasurement of the total power (including power loss) received by thereceiver from the transmitter. The received power value is calculatedas: Received Power=Output Current×Intermediate Voltage+Estimated Loss.The “Estimated Loss” is predetermined from knowledge of the circuitcomponentry and operation.

In the Power Transfer phase, the receiver 904 constantly monitors if theload 916 has met the conditions to end power transfer as well reportingthe power adjust and received power packets to the version A transmitterwithin any specified/required time intervals. If any of the conditionsto end power transfer have been met, the receiver 904 generates andsends the end power transfer packet to the version A transmitter usingthe communications module 914 at which point the Power Transfer phaseends, and the receiver 904 returns to the initial state.

In another example of the present embodiment, the received power datapacket may be used instead of the power adjust packet rather than inaddition. That is, the receiver 904 may be configured to send thereceived power data packet and the version A transmitter may determinewhether power flow control is necessary based on the received powervalue indicated in the received power data packet.

Another possible power transfer communications packet generated and sentby the version B receiver is an error packet. Error packets areindicators of the presence of various erroneous conditions within or inthe vicinity of the receiver, such as over-temperature, over-voltage,etc., as determined by the controller 910 using various means in thereceiver circuitry as is well understood by those skilled in the art.

In scenario (5), a version B transmitter is to be used to charge one ormore version A receiver devices and one or more version B receiverdevices, and therefore the version B transmitter needs to be placed inmulti-version mode.

As described earlier with respect to scenarios (1) and (3), in version Amode a single version A receiver is powered/charged at a time and inversion B mode multiple version B receivers are powered/charged at atime. The basic functionality of these modes holds in various situationsof scenario (5) such as:

-   (a) a version B receiver is being powered/charged in version B mode    and a version A receiver is introduced to the version B transmitter;    and-   (b) a version A receiver is being powered/charged in version A mode    and a version B receiver is introduced to the version B transmitter.

In either situation (a) or (b), the Power Transfer phase is interruptedby the object detection of the Selection phase and the Ping andIdentification & Configuration phases are subsequently performed, asdescribed earlier. In the present embodiment, in either situation (a) or(b), version B mode charging is given preference. That is, in situation(a) the version B receiver already being charged is re-discovered andthe version A receiver is discovered such that when the Power Transferphase is re-entered the version B transmitter resumes powering/chargingof the re-discovered version B receiver until it is fully charged orremoved from the transmitter and then commences powering/charging of thenewly discovered version A receiver; and in situation (b) the version Areceiver already being charged is re-discovered and the version Breceiver is discovered such that when the Power Transfer phase isre-entered the version B transmitter commences powering/charging of thenewly discovered version B receiver until it is fully charged or removedfrom the transmitter and then resumes powering/charging of there-discovered version A receiver. This is only exemplary however, andversion A mode could be given preference over version B mode, forexample.

Furthermore, a multi-version mode could be implemented by thetransmitter 302 in which version A and version B receivers aresimultaneously or alternately powered, for example. Such a multi-versionmode is particularly possible where the earlier version specification ofa particular application provides differing criteria and requirements.

In the present exemplary embodiments, in scenarios (3), (4) and (5),version A mode requires power flow control to be performed by thetransmitter in response to communication from the receivers. Thisconstant stream of communicated power data, i.e., the power adjustand/or received power data packets places a further constraint on theability to power/charge version A receivers simultaneously with otherversion A or version B receivers. This is because the messages in thedata stream employed in the version A communications protocol, describedearlier, of each receiver operating in version A mode may corrupt themessages of the other version A mode receivers or cause charginginterrupts to the version B mode receivers.

A possible solution to such data package conflicts is to include thedevice identifier (device ID) in all communications packets/packages,generated and sent by the version A (mode) receivers, rather than justin the identification communications packet. For example, the ID codemay be included in the data packets as illustrated in FIG. 6(E). In thisway, techniques such as code division multiple access (CDMA) or timedivision multiple access (TDMA) can be used for decoding andimplementing the messages of the received data packets from theindividually identified receivers.

For example, when a coupled receiver needs to transmit a message itselects a random transmission window from a set of available timewindows or slots and remains quiescent for the other transmissionwindows to allow other receiver devices to communicate in those windows.In one example, the controller 910 of the receiver 904 can be configuredto use the unique device ID as a seed for the random number for therandom selection of the transmission window. If the (version A)communications protocol being implemented does not have any sort of datacollision detection or acknowledged packet, then there is no way thatthe receiver can know whether the sent message was successful or clashedwith the message of another receiver. Accordingly, the receiver 904 maycontinue to send the message in another randomly selected time windowfor a cycle of time slot sets until the power transfer conditionschange. When there is more than one receiver being powered/charged therewill be communication errors caused by the receivers choosing the sametransmission window however messages will get through in subsequenttransmissions without corruption because each receiver selects differentrandom transmission windows each time. The probability of error freecommunication using this method is enhanced by keeping the maximumnumber of receivers capable of being charged at once relatively low,e.g., less than five, and keeping the number available transmission timeslots relatively high without increasing the overall communication time,e.g., about eight time windows provides a good chance of getting amessage through whilst retaining sufficiently fast communication.

In scenarios (1) and (2), the amount of power to be transferred by theversion B transmitter during the Power Transfer phase is initially setin accordance with the configuration communications packet and/or thestart power transfer communications packet received at thecommunications module 330 from the version B receiver to establish apower contract with the version B receiver. In version B mode, it ispossible to have power transfer control handled by the version Breceiver using the communications rather than, or in addition to, thereceiver-side power flow control, like the version A receiver. That is,like in version A mode, or in a combined mode of versions A and B, powertransfer control can be handled by the version B transmitter alone or incombination with the power flow control of the version B receiver. Forexample, the version B receiver may have a predefined range of dynamicpower flow control and the version B transmitter may be used for powertransfer control outside of this range.

In this combined mode, like in version A mode, the controller 320 of thetransmitter responds to power transfer communications packets (includingstart power transfer, end power transfer, adjust power and control errorpackets) sent by the version B receiver. These packets are decoded bythe decoder 702 and implemented by the state machine 704 to ensure thepower signal is controlled and regulated so the transmitter transfersthe requested amount of power to the version B receiver.

Without further configuration however, this combined mode suffers fromthe same conflicts between power transfer packets from multiple versionB receivers as discussed above for scenarios (3), (4) and (5). Toalleviate this the afore-described conflict resolution is implemented.However, unlike at least scenarios (3) and (4), the power flow controlprovided by the version B receivers allows this combined mode tooptimize power flow control and delivery, as follows.

In version B mode, since multiple version B receivers are powered at thesame time, the version B transmitter receives multiple power transferpackets from multiple version B receivers. The values of these powertransfer packets are typically different and therefore the correctresponse from the version B transmitter in adjusting the amount of powerbeing transferred is unknown unless preset. This presetting could bethat the earlier placed receiver is given priority over later placedreceivers or no receiver is given priority and an average or mean powerlevel is transferred.

However, based on the configuration of the power regulator (andconditioner) in the receiver circuitry and the advantages in power flowefficiency to the receiver-side load, it is preferable to have the powerflow control circuitry in the receiver suppress or attenuate thereceived power (e.g., Buck control) rather than increase the receivedpower (e.g., Boost control) to meet the load power requirements. Thevalue of a power transfer (control error) packet is set by the receiversto be a zero value if the control point provided by the transmitter isequal to the desired control point (i.e., the received power is equal tothe power required by the load), a negative value if a decrease inreceived power is required, and a positive value if an increase inreceived power is required.

Accordingly, in the combined mode, the controller of the version Btransmitter is configured so as to only respond to the power transferpacket that has the highest value in order to adjust the transmittedpower for that version B receiver which requested that highest powerlevel. In this way, the other version B receiver(s) self-regulate todecrease the power supplied to the load for their own load powerrequirements. Accordingly, the power controller of the transmitterfollows the receiver device requesting the most power.

In particular, this is achieved by the PID controller or the like of thetransmitter controller collecting all power transfer (control error)values from all powered receivers during a communications frame period,choosing the maximum collected value (such that would result in thelargest current on the transmitter coils) as the power transfer (controlerror) value which is used to update the control algorithm, and applyingthe updated control value at the start of the communications frame,synchronously with the start of frame transmission. If the highest CEPvalue is not zero, the updated control value is set so as to bring thathighest value to zero over subsequent communications frames, therebybringing at least that receiver into a steady operating state.

It has been described that the communications packets or packages aregenerated and sent by the communications modules of the transmitter andreceivers, however the present invention is not restricted in this.Alternatively, the various data packets may each be predefined andstored for later access during operation via a lookup table, forexample, rather than being generated in real time. Additionally, oralternatively still, at least some of the various portions of the datapackets may be separately predefined and stored such that the datapackets are ‘generated’ by combining the various predefined portionswith other predefined portions and/or actively generated portionsdepending on the type of data packet required, e.g., the preamble andheader (and ID) portions may be predefined and common to all packets ofthe same types or multiple types, the message and checksum portions maybe wholly predefined, or partly predefined and partly actively generatedin real time, or wholly actively generated in real time. Further, otherdata structures of the communications packets are possible, asunderstood by those skilled in the art. Furthermore, the communicationsmodules of the transmitter and receivers are illustrated as beingseparate elements the respective controllers, however the presentinvention is not limited to this. For example, the communicationsfunctions of packet generation, data storage, data look-up,coding/decoding, implementation, and receipt and transmission may beperformed within the controllers themselves. Further, the required datafor the generation of the communications packets and for the measurementand calculation of the variously described data may be stored by analogand/or digital memory which is separate from, dedicated for, and/orintegrated with, the controllers.

It is noted that the exemplary configuration of the receiver-side powerflow control illustrated in FIG. 10 effectively provides AC-side powerregulation, i.e., pre-rectification. Those skilled in the art understandthat configurations implementing DC-side power regulation, i.e.,post-rectification, are equally applicable. In the case of AC-sideregulation, it is difficult to implement the afore-described IPTcommunication and power flow control (regulation) at the same timeduring the Power Transfer phase since the regulation introducesdistortion on the AM communication signal. This is because, the use ofamplitude modulation changes the intermediate voltage which causes thepower regulator to regulate the voltage to compensate for this changerather than remaining in a steady state of regulation during thecommunication period. The amount of regulation, and therefore the amountof distortion introduced, may be sufficient to prevent the powertransmitter from correctly resolving and/or receiving the data packetbeing communicated such that the Power Transfer is erroneously ceased.This situation may be handled as follows.

In one embodiment, during receiver to transmitter AM communication, theAC-side regulator is deactivated or disconnected, e.g., turned off, bythe controller. Whilst the regulator is in this state, the intermediatevoltage rises which will cause a rise in the output voltage, i.e., thevoltage to the load is essentially unregulated. However, the outputvoltage can be maintained at a substantially constant level by thevoltage regulator (LDO) during this period, since each communicationperiod is relatively short, e.g., about 50 ms, and occurs periodically,e.g., about once per second, such that the voltage regulator candissipate the extra power during the communication time period withoutoverstress being caused on the voltage regulator. Accordingly, DC-sidepower flow control is implemented in auxiliary when the AC-side powerflow control is deactivated during communications.

In another embodiment, the controller of the receiver is provided as adigital controller. The digital controller is configured to store theADC/controller value at the time of initiating AM communications and touse this stored value for the duration of communications, therebyproviding the auxiliary power regulation state. Basically, rather thancompletely deactivating the power regulator during communications it ismaintained in the state it was in before communications. In this way thevoltage regulator does not need to work as hard as in theabove-described embodiment when the power regulator is completely turnedoff because the change in the intermediate voltage and consequentialchange in the output voltage is decreased.

Having now described the various use scenarios and the manner in whichthe system of the present invention deals with these cases, it isinstructive to now describe specific details of a particular exemplaryembodiment. For the receiver devices 1004, the output power to besupplied to the load 1016 is about 7.5 W, whereas for the version Areceivers the output power is about 5 W. The output voltage from the LDO1020 to the load 1016 is about 5V. These operating parameters can beprovided by the exemplary circuits illustrated in FIG. 11 and FIG. 12.FIG. 11(A) to FIG. 11(G) illustrate exemplary schematic componentconfigurations and parameters for the transmitter of FIG. 4 and FIG.12(A) to FIG. 12(D) illustrate exemplary schematic componentconfigurations and parameters for the receiver of FIG. 10 which arecomplementary to the various parameters and values already described.

With respect to the transmitter 402, the rectifier 434 is a half-bridgeinverter having a pair of FETs (see FIG. 11(A)) driven by themicroprocessor of the controller 420 (see FIG. 11(B)) to rectify theregulated power from the Buck-Boost converter circuit of the powerregulator 432 (see FIG. 11(C)) and provide the rectified power to thetransmission coils 412. The transmitter coil array 414 is formed by anumber of transmitter coils 412 (see FIG. 11(D)) with each transmittercoil having a switch connected to one side of the transmitter coil asthe selector 424 (see FIG. 11(E)). A set of the transmitter coils can beturned on to power the receiver if the respective switches of thetransmitter coils have been switched on. The detection circuit of theobject detector 428 and the demodulation circuit of the communicationsmodule 430 are as illustrated in FIG. 11(F) and FIG. 11(G),respectively.

In FIG. 11(A), the inputs are: DCDC_OUT—11-21 VDC from the buck-boostregulator, +10_SW from 10V linear regulator 446 and INV_PWM_T andINV_PWM_B being a square wave pulse from the microprocessor via gatedrive circuit 450, the output is: D_ARM which drives the transmittercoils, and the depicted circuit provides high frequency AC current tothe transmitter coils (up to 5 Arms) and an operating frequency betweenabout 110 kHz and about 300 kHz.

In FIG. 11(C), the inputs are: VDC_IN which is the 19 VDC input supply442 via the EMI filter 444 and an inrush current and reverse polarityprotection circuit 452 and DCVOLT_PWM_T which is a PWM signal frommicroprocessor used to vary output voltage regulation, the outputs are:DCDC_OUT which is designed to vary from 11V to 21V which is fed into theinverter circuit, and COIL_VIN_MCU which is connected to pin 13 ofmicroprocessor and used to detect the output of buck-boost converter andvaries from 0.48V to 0.91V as the output voltage ramp from 11V to 21V,and the depicted circuit provides variable input voltage to the inverter(11V-21V) to enable version A compatibility and an operating frequencyof about 400 kHz.

In FIGS. 11(D) and 11(E), the inputs are: IND which is connected to oneof the transmitter coils, +10V_SW being DC supply 446, +3V3 being DCsupply 440, DC being the select switch signal from the microprocessor,SNUB and D_SNUB which are both connected to a snubber circuit used toensure that the switch voltage rating is within the limit on allconditions, and the depicted circuits provide a coil switch used toselectively turn-on the transmitter coils depending on the location ofreceiver with the maximum current flowing on the switch being about 2 A.

In FIG. 11(F), the inputs are: +3V3 supply 440, and 3V3_CONT which isfrom the microprocessor and used to enable/disable the object detectioncircuit, the output is: LOOP_COMP+ which is a square wave with afrequency proportional to the oscillator frequency, and the depictedcircuit provides a metal detector with frequency set at about 1 MHzwhere the oscillator frequency changes when a metallic object is placedon the pad surface which is detected by the microprocessor.

In FIG. 11(G), the inputs are: +5V which is the DC supply 448, andT-Demod-Signal which is the AC signal proportional to the invertercurrent, the output is: Demod_Out_1 which the microprocessor uses tocommunicate with the receiver, and the depicted circuit providesdetection of the current modulation on the version B transmitter.

The Applicant has found that due to certain interactions between thetransmitter and receiver resonant circuits some modulation slopereversal may occur. This is because the combined current as sensed inthe demodulation circuit is a product of the transmitter's outgoingcurrent (which resonates at a first frequency) with the incoming currentfrom the receiver (which is at a second, different frequency). Thiscauses distortion in the modulation signal, therefore disruptingcommunications. A possible solution is to employ a directional couplerwhich eliminates the outward transmitter current so the inward modulatedcurrent from the receiver can be sensed without distortion by separatingforward and reverse currents. However, the inclusion of such adirectional coupler in consumer electronics may be undesirable due tothe inclusion of transformer, which increases cost and complexity. Analternative solution is to employ an amplitude phase detector 1102 atthe input stage of the demodulation circuit of FIG. 11(G), as isillustrated in FIG. 11(H). In such an amplitude phase detector the twoarms of input transformer 1104 are tuned so that a signal being coupledfrom the right-hand side of the drawing (from the transmitter coils) istuned by capacitor 1106 and a signal being coupled from the left-handside of the drawing (from the inverter) is tuned by inductor 1108. Inthis way, the forward and reverse currents are differentiated from eachother according to frequency. By selecting the appropriate end of thetransmitter's current sensing coil, it is possible to resonate that coilat the appropriate frequency (e.g., about 100 kHz) to optimize the levelof the amplitude modulated signal from the receiver's pickup coil.

With respect to the receiver 1004, the power rectifier 1018 isconfigured as a full bridge rectifier which converts AC voltage into DCvoltage, and has four MOSFETs in synchronous configuration, that is, twoP-channel MOSFETs on the high side and two N-channel MOSFETs on the lowside (see FIGS. 12(A) and 12(B)) which are switched under control of themicroprocessor of the controller 1010 (see FIG. 12(C)). In particular,the synchronous rectifier control is common for both the version A andversion B modes. The P-channel MOSFETs at the high side will beself-driven by AC signals while the N-channel MOSFETs at the low sidewill be controlled by the gate signals generated by the microprocessor.The synchronous rectifier will be enabled if the output current is morethan 700 mA (digital gate signals will be created to turn the N-channelMOSFETs on and off). If the load 1016 is less than 500 mA, thesynchronous rectifier will be disabled and the body diodes of theN-channel MOSFETs will be used to conduct the current. It can beunderstood by those skilled in the art from FIGS. 12(A) and (12(B), thatthe synchronous rectifier can be operated as either a full synchronousrectifier or a half synchronous rectifier. The circuitry of the LDO 1020is also illustrated in FIG. 12(B) and is disabled by setting theLoad_Enable output of the microprocessor signal to low, whichdisconnects the load 1016 as well, and is enabled by setting theLoad_Enable signal to high. The modulation circuit of the communicationsmodule 1014 has two capacitors and two switches and the communicationspackets/signals are provided by modulating the capacitive load of thecapacitors on the AC side of the receiver 1004 (see FIG. 12(D)). Thecurrent sensing circuit has a resistor in series with the load and anamplifier (see FIG. 12(E)) to determine the output current and themicroprocessor uses this information to request the transmitter toestablish an optimal operating point, determine the received power fromthe transmitter, determine whether the synchronous rectifier needs to beenabled, and at low (light) load, enable the half synchronous rectifier.

In FIGS. 12(A) and 12(B), the inputs to the rectifier 1018 are: AC_in1/2(from the modulation circuit of FIG. 12(D)) for allowing Q1 and Q2 toself-switch; Sync_Ctrl_PWM_1/2; and 5V_Supply from a +5V supply switchcircuit taking 5V_Load and Analogue_enable as inputs and used todisable/enable the analogue circuitry of the received power managementcircuitry 1006 by controlling the supply voltages of the circuits (notillustrated as configuration is understood by those skilled in the art),the inputs to the LDO 1020 are: the Intermediate Voltage; andLoad_Enable and Dummy_Load_Enable (from the microprocessor of FIG.12(C)), the output of the rectifier is: the Intermediate Voltage, theoutputs of the LDO are: 5V_Load and Current_Sense_R; and in the depictedcircuit of the rectifier D2-D3 provide diode commutatedhalf-rectification, but can switch Q4-Q5 synchronously by themicroprocessor.

In FIG. 12(C), the inputs are: 3V3_supply from a +3.3VLDO circuit takingSoft_Start_Enable as an input and used to supply power to themicroprocessor (not illustrated as configuration is understood by thoseskilled in the art); the Intermediate Voltage; AC_in1/2 (from themodulation circuit of FIG. 12(D)); and CurSense_Input andCurSense_filtered (from the current sensing circuit of FIG. 12(E)), andthe outputs are: Comms (used to drive the FETs that switch thecapacitors in the modulation circuit of the communications module 1014);Load_Enable (for controlling on and off states of the LDO 1020);Sync_Ctrl_PWM_1/2; Soft_Start_Enable (used to avoid overshoot);Dummy_Load_Enable; and Analogue_enable.

In FIG. 12(D), the input is: Comms, the output is: AC_in1/2, and in thedepicted circuit the 4.7 nF capacitor is switched onto the outputs tomodulate the amplitude of the voltage of the receiver coils therebyproviding the signaling states in version A mode.

In FIG. 12(E), the inputs are: 3V3_Supply; 5V_Supply; andCurrent_Sense_R, and the outputs are: CurSense_Input (input to acomparator of the microprocessor for fast output current transitiondetection used to turn-off the control for the synchronous rectifier)and CurSense_filtered (being the amplified output current which themicroprocessor takes as an analogue input for output power monitoringused during version A and version B modes).

FIG. 13(A) to FIG. 13(C) are flow diagrams of the control flowimplemented by the controller of the power transmitter and FIG. 14(A) toFIG. 14(C) are flow diagrams of the control flow implemented by thecontroller of the power receiver of the present invention, that is,version B transmitters and receivers, as discussed earlier.

The transmitter coil array and operation according to various exemplaryembodiments of the present invention are now described. As describedearlier, the transmitter has an array of transmitter coils for providingspatial freedom and multiple receiver device powering/charging. One wayof providing such functionality is to provide a repeated pattern oftransmitter coils in multiple-layered or multiple-planar arrays witheach coil being generally co-planar with the other coils of that layer.One possible embodiment of a two layered array with an interlayer offsetor overlap of transmitter coils is illustrated in FIGS. 15(A)-(C). Sucha configuration provides benefits such as improved uniformity in thecoupling magnetic field. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment thetransmitter coils are provided as two dimensional planar coil shapes ofelectrically conductive material fabricated using PCB techniques overplural PCB ‘layers’. In this embodiment, the transmitter coils aredepicted as being generally square in shape; this is merely exemplaryand other two dimensional shapes are possible such as circular,triangular, rectangular, and other polygonal shapes, where such shapesare conducive to the array configuration. For example, providing thecoils with an octagonal shape may allow the coils to be more closelyspaced, which may further enhance the uniformity of the IPT field.

As illustrated in FIGS. 15(A)-(C), one layer of transmitter coils 1512 aare overlayed by a second layer of transmitter coils 1512 b within a PCB1512 c. The first layer 1512 a has six coils and the second layer 1512 bhas four coils in the depicted example, however other numbers of coilsand combinations over the layers are possible. Each coil 1512 a and 1512b has several ‘windings’ such that an interior space is provided inwhich no windings are present. That is, the radial center of eachtransmitter coil is void of electrically conductive material. Theoverlayed coils define four common openings within each coil—see commonopenings 1512 d to 1512 g within coil 1512 a. This allows slugs formedof magnetically permeable material to be provided within each commonopening as described below. As depicted the centers of the coils arealigned which assists in the creation of a uniform magnetic field whentwo or more adjacent/overlaying coils are selected for transferringpower. As most clearly shown in FIG. 15(C), each PCB coil 1512 isfabricated as four PCB “layers” and these layers are interlayered in thefirst and second layers as shown in the circled area marked A. Thisinterlayering further assists the creation of a uniform magnetic field.The first and second layers may be ‘stacked’ rather than ‘interlayered’however, that is, all PCB layers of the second layer being stacked overall PCB layers of the first layer. Whilst two layers are depicted, morethan two layers are possible depending on the IPT field and transmittercoil array requirements of the particular application.

Referring now to FIGS. 15D to 15G a specific winding pattern that may beemployed for a four layer transmitter coil 1521 a or 1512 b (FIG. 15B)will be described. FIG. 15D shows a PCB top layer 1520; FIG. 15E shows aPCB third layer 1521 (The second PCB layer being an interleaved layer ofan adjacent overlapping coil); FIG. 15F shows a PCB fifth layer 1522(The fourth PCB layer being an interleaved layer of an adjacentoverlapping coil); and FIG. 15G shows a PCB seventh layer 1523 (Thesixth PCB layer being an interleaved layer of an adjacent overlappingcoil and the eighth layer being below layer 1523). The PCB layers arevertically stacked above each other and interconnected as will bedescribed below.

Looking firstly at top layer 1520 a first coil terminal 1527 isconnected to three parallel windings 1524, 1525 and 1526. Whilst threeparallel windings are shown it will be appreciated that the number ofparallel windings may be varied depending upon the application. Whereonly a single winding is used unacceptable losses and heating may resultfrom the “skin effect” where a large current is carried by a smallsurface area of a winding. By providing parallel windings this effectmay be ameliorated.

These parallel windings form two loops and end at terminations 1528,1529 and 1530. The terminations 1528, 1529 and 1530 are interconnectedto terminations 1531, 1532 and 1533 of the third PCB layer 1521 shown inFIG. 15E (i.e. termination 1528 is connected to termination 1531;termination 1529 is connected to termination 1532; and termination 1530is connected to termination 1533). Terminations 1531, 1532 and 1533 areconnected to parallel windings 1534, 1535 and 1536.

It will be noted that in the first layer 1520 that parallel winding 1524is the closest to the centre of the coil and parallel winding 1526 isthe most distant from the centre of the coil, whereas in the third PCBlayer 1521 winding 1534 (connected to winding 1526) is the closest tothe centre of the coil and parallel winding 1536 (connected to parallelwinding 1524) is the most distant from the centre of the coil. Thusbetween layers the innermost parallel winding and outermost parallelwinding swap positions between layers.

Likewise for the fifth layer 1522 the terminations 1537, 1538 and 1539of the third layer 1521 are interconnected to terminations 1540, 1541and 1542 of the fifth PCB layer 1522 shown in FIG. 15F (i.e. termination1537 is connected to termination 1540; termination 1538 is connected totermination 1541; and termination 1539 is connected to termination1542). Terminations 1540, 1541 and 1542 are connected to parallelwindings 1545, 1544 and 1543.

Likewise for the seventh layer 1523 the terminations 1546, 1547 and 1548of the fifth layer 1522 are interconnected to terminations 1549, 1550and 1551 of the seventh PCB layer 1523 shown in FIG. 15G (i.e.termination 1546 is connected to termination 1549; termination 1547 isconnected to termination 1550; and termination 1548 is connected totermination 1551). Terminations 1549, 1550 and 1551 are connected toparallel windings 1552, 1553 and 1554 which are commonly connected tosecond coil termination 1555. The coil may be driven by applying analternating drive signal to first coil termination 1527 and second coiltermination 1555.

It will noted that between layers the parallel winding that is theclosest to the centre of the coil and parallel winding that is the mostdistant from the centre of the coil alternate. This ensures that nosingle one of the parallel windings is exposed to the greatest inducedcurrents experienced closest to the centre of the coil. This helps toavoid coil burn out. Further the parallel windings reduce the appliedcurrent per parallel winding and reduce the coil resistance.

FIG. 15H shows a cross-sectional view through one side of a singletransmitter coil 1556 located on a magnetically permeable base 1557 withthe coil 1556 surrounding magnetically permeable slug 1558. In this casea single coil is shown although it will be appreciated that the designmay be applied to the interleaved coil design described above. Thetransmitter coil 1556 is formed as six PCB layers 1559 to 1564 with onlythe conductors shown for clarity. The windings of layers 1559 to 1564may be offset between layers to improve current distribution. Theconductors of each layer are copper conductors of a width of greaterthan 0.25 mm, a thickness of 0.14 mm and a spacing of greater than 0.2mm. As in the previous embodiment parallel windings are employed,preferably three parallel windings. The parallel windings may bedistributed between winding layers—for example the first three parallelwindings may include conductors from both layer 1559 and 1560.Preferably each set of parallel windings are distributed between twolayers. The slug 1558 extends sufficiently above coil 1556 tosubstantially reduce induced currents in the coil windings. The slug1558 may project about the height of the winding above the winding. Inone preferred embodiment the slug extends about or greater than 1 mmabove the height of the winding.

An air gap 1565 is provided between transmitter coil 1556 and slug 1558to reduce induced currents in the windings of transmitter coil 1556.

FIG. 15J shows a variant of FIG. 15H in which a slug 1566 is provided onthe outside of transmitter coil 1556 as well as slug 1558 on the inside.This configuration further reduces induced currents in the transmittercoil 1556 and in fact results in lower losses for a loaded than anunloaded coil due to the field shaping effect of the receiving coil.However, due to the added cost and complexity of the additional elementthis design may only be justified in more demanding applications.

It will be appreciated that the design features of FIGS. 15H and 15J maybe applied to the transmitter coil array of FIGS. 15A to 15G withsuitable adaption.

FIG. 16 illustrates a PCB coil array 1614 in an exploded form atransmitter 1602 applicable to the present embodiment. The transmitter1602 has a top casing 1603 a and a bottom casing 1603 b, a main PCBcircuitry board 1605 which carries the driving circuitry, objectdetector and communications module and other circuitry of thetransmitter. The PCB coil array 1614 is positioned on a magneticmaterial layer 1607. The material layer 1607 is formed of a materialwhich enhances the magnetic field induced in the transmitter coil array,such as ferromagnetic or ferrite material. As illustrated the materiallayer 1607 has protrusions 1609 for further enhancing the magnetic fieldwhich are either integral with the magnetic material layer or mounted(positionally or adhesively) thereto. This is more clearly seen in FIG.17 in which a PCB coil array 1714 is shown mounted on a material layer1707 in isolation. As can be seen the PCB coil array 1714 hasthrough-holes 1714 a through which protrusions 1709 of the materiallayer 1707 protrude such that each transmitter coil has at least oneprotrusion 1709 within the interior thereof. FIG. 18 shows this in evenmore detail in cross-section, where like references numerals are usedfor like elements of FIG. 17. Each protrusion or slug 1809 may projectabout the height of each winding 1814 above the top of each winding1814. Preferably each slug 1809 projects about or more than 1 mm abovethe top of each winding 1814.

As can be seen the protrusion or slugs of the ferrite material layerproject above the PCB coil array layer. The Applicant has found thatthis provides further benefit to the influence on the magnetic field.FIG. 19 illustrates a protrusion 1909 projecting above a segment of aPCB coil layer 1914 by height h which is determined to be such that theangle theta is less than 45 degrees from the edge of the next hole 1914a in the PCB coil layer 1914. It is understood that instead of beingprovided as protrusions of a magnetic material layer, the ‘slugs’ ofmagnetic material may be provided as independent elements with orwithout the magnetic material layer omitted, and may be provided as partof the transmitter coil array fabrication, e.g., as part of the PCB orother substrate used for positioning the coils. Further, in theillustrated examples each coil surrounds four magnetic material elementswhere these elements are at the internal corners of the rectangularshaped coils, this configuration assists the multi-layering of the coilarrays whilst maximizing the amount of magnetic material within the‘cavity’ of each coil thereby optimizing the beneficial influence. It isunderstood that other arrangements of the coils and magnetic materialelements are possible with less, more or differently shaped elements.Further, the magnetic material elements need not project above the toplayer of transmitter coil array if the application is better suited forthis, e.g., the elements and coil array could be co-planar.

The beneficial influence or enhancement of the transmitter magnetic orIPT field includes the shaping of the field to provide uniform orincreased IPT coverage at reasonable power transfer levels, such asincreased height of the IPT field (so-called “z-height” with respect tothe Cartesian geometry of the transmitter pad). The Applicant has foundthat increased z-height can also, or additionally, be provided byincreasing the number of adjacent transmitter coils that are poweredsimultaneously. Accordingly, a combination of these mechanisms, e.g.,mechanical and control, can be used to increase the effective wirelesspower transfer range of the power transmitter. Shaping the field in thismanner may also reduce induced currents in the coil windings and/orimprove current distribution in the coil windings. With ferrite coresextending to a height at or below the surface of the coils inducedcurrents may be experienced at the inner and/or outer windings of thecoils; whereas the current distribution may be more even when a magneticcore extending above the surface is used and/or reduce induced currents.Alternatively, or in combination, extending the ferrite core on theouter edge of the coil and/or extending it to a portion of the receivermay further improve the coil current distribution and/or reduce inducedcurrents.

The illustrated embodiment of the transmitter coil array shows PCBcoils. This is however only an exemplary manner of configuring andmanufacturing the IPT coil array. The coils may be wound coils, eitherby hand or machine or may be fabricated in some other manner such asstamping, printing, etc., as explained earlier. The relative positioningand functioning of the coils within the array is the factor ofimportance in providing an IPT field that provides effective, reliableand efficient wireless power transfer.

The afore-described wireless power transfer system may be provided as anend-user consumer electronics system, either in combination, e.g.,transmitter and one or more receivers provided as a ‘package’ or ‘set’,or separately, e.g., transmitter is provided as a separately obtainableand operable unit from the receiver(s), based on the multi-model orcompatible configuration. Alternatively, the wireless power transfersystem may be provided as a kit for evaluation or educational purposesof original design manufacturers (ODMs) or original equipmentmanufacturers (OEMs) which manufacturer consumer electronics so thatvarious configurations or capabilities can be tested and/or integrationor incorporation of wireless power into their products can be assessed.Such a kit may comprise the components, modules, instructions andlearning materials necessary for wireless power transfer and theconfiguration and adjustment of the system for the design, modification,adaption, testing, evaluation, or building of wireless power transfersystems for different applications, e.g., power levels, field coverage,etc.

Such a wireless power transfer kit may comprise a wireless powertransmitter and multiple wireless power receiver devices, having theconfigurations and features as described herein and illustrated in theattached drawings. The kit may include instructions for arranging,configuring, optimizing, adapting, and the like, the kit components forwireless power transfer. The instructions may teach how to adapt, use,build, or evaluate components of the system. The electrical componentsof the wireless power transfer kit may have a plurality of electricalcontacts to enable measurement of operating parameters, usingmeasurement equipment such as an oscilloscope, a multimeter, a powermeter, a current meter, a voltage meter, a probe, and the like.

Whilst the present invention has been illustrated by the description ofthe embodiments thereof, and while the embodiments have been describedin detail, it is not the intention to restrict or in any way limit thescope of the appended claims to such detail. Additional advantages andmodifications will readily appear to those skilled in the art.Therefore, the invention in its broader aspects is not limited to thespecific details, representative apparatus and method, and illustrativeexamples shown and described. Accordingly, departures may be made fromsuch details without departure from the spirit or scope of the generalinventive concept.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A wireless power transfer coil arraycomprising: a multi-layer printed circuit board; a first plurality ofcoils generally coplanar with one another, the first plurality of coilscomprising winding traces disposed on a first plurality of layers of themulti-layer printed circuit board; and a second plurality of coilsgenerally coplanar with one another, the second plurality of coilscomprising winding traces disposed on a second plurality of layers ofthe multi-layer printed circuit board so as to at least partiallyoverlap the first plurality of coils; wherein the first plurality oflayers of the printed circuit board are interleaved with the secondplurality of layers of the printed circuit board.
 2. The wireless powertransfer coil array of claim 1 wherein at least one coil of the firstand second pluralities of coils comprises a plurality of windingselectrically connected in parallel.
 3. The wireless power transfer coilarray of claim 2 wherein at least first and second windings electricallyconnected in parallel of the plurality of parallel windings electricallyconnected in parallel alternate positions on differing layers so as tobe closer to or farther from a center of each coil.
 4. The wirelesspower transfer coil array of claim 1 wherein each of the first pluralityof coils and the second plurality of coils defines an interior space inwhich no windings are present and wherein the at least partial overlapof the first and second pluralities of coils and the interior spaces ofthe respective coils define a plurality of common openings, whereinmagnetically permeable slugs are disposed within the plurality of commonopenings.
 5. The wireless power transfer coil array of claim 4 whereinthe magnetically permeable slugs extend above the height of the firstand second pluralities of coils.
 6. The wireless power transfer coilarray of claim 5 wherein the magnetically permeable slugs extend abovethe height of the coils by about the height of the coils.
 7. Thewireless power transfer coil array of claim 4 further comprising an airgap between the magnetically permeable slugs and the first and secondpluralities of coils.
 8. The wireless power transfer coil array of claim4 further comprising additional magnetically permeable slugs outside thefirst and second pluralities of coils.
 9. A wireless power transmittercomprising: a printed circuit board coil array, the printed circuitboard coil array further comprising: a multi-layer printed circuitboard; a first plurality of coils generally coplanar with one another,the first plurality of coils comprising winding traces disposed on atleast a first layer of the multi-layer printed circuit board; and asecond plurality of coils generally coplanar with one another, thesecond plurality of coils comprising winding traces disposed on at leasta second layer of the multi-layer printed circuit board so as topartially overlap the first plurality of coils; wherein each of thefirst plurality of coils and the second plurality of coils defines aninterior space in which no windings are present and the partial overlapof the first and second pluralities of coils and the interior spaces ofthe respective coils define a plurality of common openings; and amagnetic material layer having protrusions for enhancing a magneticfield, the protrusions being disposed within the plurality of commonopenings.
 10. The wireless power transmitter of claim 9 wherein theprotrusions are integral with the magnetic material layer.
 11. Thewireless power transmitter of claim 9 wherein the protrusions aremounted on the magnetic material layer.
 12. The wireless powertransmitter of claim 9 wherein the magnetically permeable slugs extendabove the height of the first and second pluralities of coils.
 13. Thewireless power transmitter of claim 12 wherein the magneticallypermeable slugs extend above the height of the coils by about the heightof the coils.
 14. The wireless power transmitter of claim 9 furthercomprising an air gap between the magnetically permeable slugs and thefirst and second pluralities of coils.
 15. The wireless powertransmitter of claim 9 further comprising additional magneticallypermeable slugs outside the first and second pluralities of coils. 16.The wireless power transmitter of claim 9 further comprising a mainprinted circuit board carrying circuitry of the transmitter.
 17. Thewireless power transmitter of claim 9 wherein the at least a first layerof the multi-layer printed circuit board comprises a first plurality oflayers of the multi-layer printed circuit board and the second layer ofthe multi-layer printed circuit board comprises a second plurality oflayers of the multi-layer printed circuit board, and the first pluralityof layers of the printed circuit board are interleaved with the secondplurality of layers of the printed circuit board.
 18. The wireless powertransmitter of claim 9 wherein at least one coil of the first and secondpluralities of coils comprises a plurality of windings electricallyconnected in parallel.
 19. The wireless power transmitter of claim 18wherein at least first and second parallel windings of the plurality ofwindings electrically connected in parallel alternate positions ondiffering layers so as to be closer to or farther from a center of eachcoil.
 20. A wireless power transfer coil array comprising: a multi-layerprinted circuit board; a first plurality of coils generally coplanarwith one another, the first plurality of coils comprising winding tracesdisposed on at least a first layer of the multi-layer printed circuitboard; and a second plurality of coils generally coplanar with oneanother, the second plurality of coils comprising winding tracesdisposed on at least a second layer of the multi-layer printed circuitboard so as to at least partially overlap the first plurality of coils;wherein each coil of the first and second pluralities of coils comprisesa plurality of windings electrically connected in parallel.
 21. Thewireless power transfer coil array of claim 20 wherein at least firstand second windings electrically connected in parallel of the pluralityof parallel windings electrically connected in parallel alternatepositions on differing layers so as to be closer to or farther from acenter of each coil.
 22. The wireless power transfer coil array of claim20 wherein the at least a first layer of the multi-layer printed circuitboard comprises a first plurality of layers of the multi-layer printedcircuit board and the second layer of the multi-layer printed circuitboard comprises a second plurality of layers of the multi-layer printedcircuit board and wherein the first plurality of layers are interleavedwith the second plurality of layers.
 23. The wireless power transfercoil array of claim 20 wherein each of the first plurality of coils andthe second plurality of coils defines an interior space in which nowindings are present and wherein the at least partial overlap of thefirst and second pluralities of coils and the interior spaces of therespective coils define a plurality of common openings, whereinmagnetically permeable slugs are disposed within the plurality of commonopenings.